Carbohydrate‐Based Antibacterial Vaccines

A glycoconjugate of Haemophilus influenzae Type b capsular polysaccharide with tetanus toxoid protein: hydrodynamic properties mainly influenced by the carbohydrate

“…Haemophilus influenzae is a small non-motile Gram negative bacterium 1 2 present in the nasopharynx of approximately 75 % of healthy children and adults and is regarded as normal flora 3 . A minority (~3–7%) of healthy individuals intermittently harbour the carbohydrate encapsulated H. influenzae strains (types a, b, c, d, e, and f ) in the upper respiratory tract 4 .…”

“…Anderson and colleagues 15 and Schneerson and coworkers 16 have also reported equimolar ratios of phosphorus and ribose. Thus, the polyribosyl ribitol phosphate (PRP) capsule of Hib is a linear copolymer composed of repeated units of→3)- β -D-Rib f -(1→1)-D-ribitol-(5-OPO 3 →[(C 10 H 19 O 12 P) n ] with a defined molecular size 2 17 . The size of the polysaccharide used for conjugation should be defined and controlled.…”

“…Unlike other bacteria ( e.g Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis ) the type b polysaccharide capsule of H. influenzae is attractive as a vaccine antigen since invasive disease is almost exclusively restricted to only one serotype, which in turn has rendered its capsular polysaccharide a prime candidate for vaccine studies. The first generation of Hib vaccine was based on the purified type b capsular polysaccharide and its ribose-ribitol phosphate repeating units 2 18 19 20 . Conjugation of the polysaccharide with a suitable protein to stimulate a stronger and longer lasting T-cell based immunity 21 has been the target of research.…”

Carbohydrate-Monophosphoryl Lipid A Conjugates Are Fully Synthetic Self-Adjuvanting Cancer Vaccines Eliciting Robust Immune Responses in the Mouse

“…To create TACA-based cancer vaccines that can elicit T cell-mediated immunity, which is linked to antibody isotype switching from IgM to IgG, antibody affinity maturation and immunological memorization, semisynthetic glycoconjugate vaccines generated by covalent coupling of TACAs to carrier proteins have been extensively explored (4, 5). Despite that in many cases coupling carbohydrates to a protein can indeed convert them from T cell-independent to T cell-dependent antigens and that significant progress has been achieved in developing carbohydrate-based bacterial vaccines by this strategy (6), there is still no clinically functional carbohydrate-based cancer vaccine established yet. As a result, new vaccine strategies are desirable.…”

Polysaccharides in Human Health Care

“…Coupling of bacterial polysaccharides or oligosaccharide epitopes to proteins [75] and use of adjuvants were studied extensively to enhance the immune response towards polysaccharide antigens especially in the groups at highest risk of infection, namely children and elderly. Effective conjugate vaccines have been developed in the past decades and that were introduced on the market and have been shown to be effective against selected serotypes of S. pneumoniae, certain N. meningitides serogroups, H. influenza type b, S. typhi and group B Streptococcus [76]. Alternative conjugated vaccines are produced from (synthetic) oligosaccharide repeating structures mimicking the bacterial polysaccharide antigens that have been linked to protein carriers (e.g.…”