Carbohydrate Does Not Augment Exercise-Induced Protein Accretion versus Protein Alone

Staples, Aaron W.; Burd, Nicholas A.; West, Daniel W. D.; Currie, Katharine D.; Atherton, Philip J.; Moore, Daniel R.; Rennie, Michael J.; MacDonald, Maureen J.; Baker, Steven K.; Phillips, Stuart M.

doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31820751cb

Cited by 143 publications

(138 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…In line with our observations, the co-ingestion of carbohydrates with casein protein lowered plasma AA levels in older adults [39], and also delayed digestion and absorption kinetics using intrinsically labelled casein [26]. Only one study in young adults showed lower peak plasma levels of leucine, branched chain amino acids (BCAA) and EAA when whey protein was co-ingested with carbohydrates [40]. Two studies, in young adults with intrinsically labelled milk protein, showed that the addition of carbohydrates and fat delays gastric emptying of milk protein and slows the release of dietary nitrogen to the periphery [27,41].…”

Section: Effect Of Caloric Densitysupporting

confidence: 87%

Protein type and caloric density of protein supplements modulate postprandial amino acid profile through changes in gastrointestinal behaviour: A randomized trial

et al. 2016

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Section: Effect Of Caloric Densitysupporting

confidence: 87%

Protein type and caloric density of protein supplements modulate postprandial amino acid profile through changes in gastrointestinal behaviour: A randomized trial

et al. 2016

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“…For instance, differences in nutrition [15,16,40], sleep [41], habitual physical activity [42,43] and genetic variations/polymorphisms [44][45][46] can modulate MPS and hypertrophic responses. Thus, it is plausible to assume that it would be the integrated response of summed RE bouts, nutrition, sleep, general activity and genetic predisposition of free-living humans that would yield a phenotypic outcome of RT.…”

Section: Acute Temporal Changes In Muscle Protein Synthesis In Differmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Resistance Training-Induced Changes in Skeletal Muscle Protein Synthesis and Their Contribution to Hypertrophy

et al. 2015

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Muscle protein synthesis (MPS) is stimulated by resistance exercise (RE) and is further stimulated by protein ingestion. The summation of periods of RE-induced increases in MPS can induce hypertrophy chronically. As such, studying the response of MPS with resistance training (RT) is informative, as adaptations in this process can modulate muscle mass gain. Previous studies have shown that the amplitude and duration of increases in MPS after an acute bout of RE are modulated by an individual's training status. Nevertheless, it has been shown that the initial responses of MPS to RE and nutrition are not correlated with subsequent hypertrophy. Thus, early acute responses of MPS in the hours after RE, in an untrained state, do not capture how MPS can affect RE-induced muscle hypertrophy. The purpose of this review is provide an in-depth understanding of the dynamic process of muscle hypertrophy throughout RT by examining all of the available data on MPS after RE and in different phases of an RT programme. Analysis of the time course and the overall response of MPS is critical to determine the potential protein accretion after an RE bout. Exercise-induced increases in MPS are shorter lived and peak earlier in the trained state than in the untrained state, resulting in a smaller overall muscle protein synthetic response in the trained state. Thus, RT induces a dampening of the MPS response, potentially limiting protein accretion, but when this occurs remains unknown.

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“…For example, the food matrix can affect digestion and absorption with liquid protein sources eliciting a more rapid increase and a greater peak amino acid concentration than solid foods of equivalent protein content (63). However, the inclusion of additional energy in the form of carbohydrates does not appear to affect the utilization of dietary amino acids from high-quality protein sources (e.g., whey/casein) for the synthesis of muscle proteins in young or older adults (64)(65)(66). Nevertheless, whole-food protein sources that are more easily masticated and digested (e.g., minced beef compared with beef steak) result in a more rapid dietary amino acid appearance in the blood and a greater net whole-body protein retention in older adults (67,68).…”

Section: Metabolic Regulation Of Skeletal Muscle Massmentioning

confidence: 99%

Keeping Older Muscle “Young” through Dietary Protein and Physical Activity

Moore

2014

Advances in Nutrition

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Sarcopenia is characterized by decreases in both muscle mass and muscle function. The loss of muscle mass, which can precede decrements in muscle function, is ultimately rooted in an imbalance between the rates of muscle protein synthesis and breakdown that favors a net negative balance (i.e., synthesis < breakdown). A preponderance of evidence highlights a blunted muscle protein synthetic response to dietary protein, commonly referred to as “anabolic resistance,” as a major underlying cause of the insipid loss of muscle with age. Dietary strategies to overcome this decreased dietary amino acid sensitivity include the ingestion of leucine-enriched, rapidly digested proteins and/or greater protein ingestion in each main meal to maximally stimulate muscle anabolism. Anabolic resistance is also a hallmark of a sedentary lifestyle at any age. Given that older adults may be more likely to experience periods of reduced activity (either voluntarily or through acute illness), it is proposed that inactivity is the precipitating factor in the development of anabolic resistance and the subsequent progression from healthy aging to frailty. However, even acute bouts of activity can restore the sensitivity of older muscle to dietary protein. Provided physical activity is incorporated into the daily routine, muscle in older adults should retain its capacity for a robust anabolic response to dietary protein comparable to that in their younger peers. Therefore, through its ability to “make nutrition better,” physical activity should be viewed as a vital component to maintaining muscle mass and function with age.

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Carbohydrate Does Not Augment Exercise-Induced Protein Accretion versus Protein Alone

Abstract: Our data suggest that insulin is not additive or synergistic to rates of MPS or MPB when CHO is coingested with a dose of protein that maximally stimulates rates of MPS.

Cited by 143 publications

References 29 publications

Protein type and caloric density of protein supplements modulate postprandial amino acid profile through changes in gastrointestinal behaviour: A randomized trial

Protein type and caloric density of protein supplements modulate postprandial amino acid profile through changes in gastrointestinal behaviour: A randomized trial

A Review of Resistance Training-Induced Changes in Skeletal Muscle Protein Synthesis and Their Contribution to Hypertrophy

Keeping Older Muscle “Young” through Dietary Protein and Physical Activity

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