Carbohydrate Effect: Hormone and Oxidative Changes

McAnulty, Steven R.; McAnulty, Lisa S.; Nieman, D.C.; Morrow, Jason D.; Dumke, Chuck L.; Utter, A. C.

doi:10.1055/s-2007-964987

Cited by 22 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…One outcome of oxidative stress in the organism is for example the lipid peroxidation process, the products of which include malondialdehyde and conjugated dienes (CD) [8]. Oxidative stress is known to be involved in the process of muscle damage and to be heavily influenced by increased levels of stress hormones, such as cortisol [9]. The leakage of lysosomal enzymes from muscles under the influence of exercise was reported [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

– Sports medicine Whole-body cryostimulation and oxidative stress in rowers: the preliminary results

Woźniak

Mila-Kierzenkowska²,

Szpinda³

et al. 2013

aoms

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IntroductionThe effect of whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) on the biomarkers of oxidative stress, lysosomal enzymes, creatine kinase and cortisol was studied.Material and methodsThe rowers underwent two 6-day training cycles: with pre-training daily WBC (temperature: from –125°C to –150°C) and without cryostimulation (control). Blood samples were taken before and after the third and sixth day of training.ResultsThe activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase was lower (by 44% and 42%, respectively) after the third day of training with WBC than without WBC. The concentration of lipid peroxidation products was also lower after the training preceded by WBC. Moreover, the acid phosphatase activity was 50% lower after the third day of training with WBC than training without WBC. Considering the antioxidant enzymes activity during training without WBC, the increase of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity was observed after the third day of training (by about 74% and 100%, respectively). The level of lipid peroxidation products also increased after the training without WBC. No statistically significant changes were observed in creatine kinase activity after the training preceded with WBC, while after the training without WBC activity of this enzyme was two-fold higher than before the training.ConclusionsThe use of WBC prior to training may reduce the risk of oxidative stress and the extent of muscle fibre injuries provoked by intense exercise. The WBC seems to be an effective and safe method for limiting exercise-induced damage; thus it may be used in biological regeneration of sportsmen.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

– Sports medicine Whole-body cryostimulation and oxidative stress in rowers: the preliminary results

Woźniak

Mila-Kierzenkowska²,

Szpinda³

et al. 2013

aoms

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“…1983, Nybo 2003), ingestion of carbohydrates during repeated exercise bouts (exercise training) may potentially attenuate some of the adaptations associated with endurance exercise training. Carbohydrate supplementation during exercise appears to reduce the ‘exercise stress’ as indicated by lower levels of circulating adrenaline, cortisol and interleukin‐6 concentrations (Febbraio & Pedersen 2002, McAnulty et al. 2007), but it also appears that the activation of several metabolic genes is diminished (Civitarese et al.…”

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Impact of carbohydrate supplementation during endurance training on glycogen storage and performance

et al. 2009

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“…These data are often used to support the hypothesis that carbohydrate feedings can decrease susceptibility to infection. The proposed mechanism for these effects is thought to be due to attenuation of the stress response (31); carbohydrate ingestion during intense exercise has been shown to decrease levels of plasma cortisol and catechalomines (16,22,31,34). However, to our knowledge there have been no controlled virus challenge studies in animals or humans to determine whether these changes in immune function affect resistance to infection.…”

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confidence: 99%

Benefits of oat β-glucan and sucrose feedings on infection and macrophage antiviral resistance following exercise stress

Murphy

Davis

Carmichael

et al. 2009

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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Oat beta-glucan can counteract the exercise-induced increased risk for upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) in mice, which is at least partly mediated by its effects on lung macrophages. Substantial evidence in humans indicates that carbohydrate-containing sports drinks can offset the decreased immune function associated with stressful exercise. However, no studies in animals or humans have directly examined their effects on URTI using a controlled virus-challenge model. We examined the effects of sucrose feedings alone and in combination with oat beta-glucan on susceptibility to infection and on macrophage antiviral resistance in mice following stressful exercise. These effects were also examined in rested, nonimmunocompromised control mice. Mice were assigned to one of four groups: H(2)O (water), sucrose (S), oat beta-glucan (ObetaG), and sucrose + oat beta-glucan (S+ObetaG). ObetaG and S treatments consisted of a solution of 50% ObetaG and 6% sucrose, respectively, and were administered in drinking water for 10 consecutive days. Exercise consisted of a treadmill run to fatigue performed on three consecutive days. Mice were then intranasally inoculated with a standardized dose of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and monitored for morbidity and mortality for 21 days. Additional mice were used to determine macrophage antiviral resistance. In the exercise experiment, S, ObetaG, and S+ObetaG all reduced morbidity (P < 0.05), while only S+ObetaG reduced mortality (P < 0.05). Macrophage antiviral resistance was also increased in S, ObetaG, and S+ObetaG treatments (P < 0.05). In resting controls, S and S+ObetaG reduced morbidity and mortality (P < 0.05) and showed a trend toward increased macrophage antiviral resistance. There was no significant additive effect of S and ObetaG in either control or exercised animals. These data extend our previous work on the benefits of oat beta-glucan to show that sucrose feedings have similar effects on susceptibility to respiratory infection and macrophage antiviral resistance in both resting controls and following exercise stress.

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Carbohydrate Effect: Hormone and Oxidative Changes

Cited by 22 publications

References 36 publications

– Sports medicine Whole-body cryostimulation and oxidative stress in rowers: the preliminary results

– Sports medicine Whole-body cryostimulation and oxidative stress in rowers: the preliminary results

Impact of carbohydrate supplementation during endurance training on glycogen storage and performance

Benefits of oat β-glucan and sucrose feedings on infection and macrophage antiviral resistance following exercise stress

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