Carbohydrate, Fat, and Amino Acid Metabolism in the Pregnant Woman and Fetus

Adam, Peter A. J.; Felig, Philip

doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-0814-0_18

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 221 publications

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“…Further work showed that amino acids could indeed account for nearly one-half the net transfer of carbon-containing substances across the placenta (Lemons et aI., 1976). In the human fetus near term the carbon accretion is nearly identical to that in the lamb, i.e., 3.1 versus 3.2 g/day per kg (Adam and Felig, 1978). In both the lamb and human fetus, carbohydrate sources have been shown to contribute about 50% of the total carbon flux.…”

Section: General Fetal Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 92%

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Human Growth

1986

107

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Section: General Fetal Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…During prolonged fasting in humans, the diminished quantities of urinary nitrogen excreted indicate that lessened amounts of glucose are derived via amino acid metabolism. Because glucose to provide the quantities needed to sustain normal metabolism Adam and Felig (1978).…”

Section: Metabolism Of Nutrients In the Nongravid Statementioning

confidence: 99%

Human Growth

1986

107

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“…Maternal blood concentrations have been found to be higher than those in fetal blood with a gradient of 2:1 [34]. In well-nourished mothers, it was found that oxidation of ketone bodies was low and glucose provided the major part of the fetal energetic substrate [1]. In well-nourished mothers, it was found that oxidation of ketone bodies was low and glucose provided the major part of the fetal energetic substrate [1].…”

Section: Fetal Metabolism and Its Relation To Maternal Metabolitesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Fetal and maternal energy metabolism during labor in relation to the available caloric substrate

Scheepers¹,

Jong²,

Essed³

et al. 2001

Journal of Perinatal Medicine

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“…The concentration gradient might reflect low rates of placental transfer although small FFAs are able to cross the human placenta (158). However, fetal uptakes of FFA represent <10% of the total daily umbilical carbon uptake in both sheep and human fetuses (14,159). Predictably, the FFA oxidation rate in the fetus is relatively low indicating FFA are incorporated into membranes or stored in the liver (160,161).…”

Section: Lipids: a Minor Role In Fetal Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dimming the Powerhouse: Mitochondrial Dysfunction in the Liver and Skeletal Muscle of Intrauterine Growth Restricted Fetuses

et al. 2021

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Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) of the fetus, resulting from placental insufficiency (PI), is characterized by low fetal oxygen and nutrient concentrations that stunt growth rates of metabolic organs. Numerous animal models of IUGR recapitulate pathophysiological conditions found in human fetuses with IUGR. These models provide insight into metabolic dysfunction in skeletal muscle and liver. For example, cellular energy production and metabolic rate are decreased in the skeletal muscle and liver of IUGR fetuses. These metabolic adaptations demonstrate that fundamental processes in mitochondria, such as substrate utilization and oxidative phosphorylation, are tempered in response to low oxygen and nutrient availability. As a central metabolic organelle, mitochondria coordinate cellular metabolism by coupling oxygen consumption to substrate utilization in concert with tissue energy demand and accretion. In IUGR fetuses, reducing mitochondrial metabolic capacity in response to nutrient restriction is advantageous to ensure fetal survival. If permanent, however, these adaptations may predispose IUGR fetuses toward metabolic diseases throughout life. Furthermore, these mitochondrial defects may underscore developmental programming that results in the sequela of metabolic pathologies. In this review, we examine how reduced nutrient availability in IUGR fetuses impacts skeletal muscle and liver substrate catabolism, and discuss how enzymatic processes governing mitochondrial function, such as the tricarboxylic acid cycle and electron transport chain, are regulated. Understanding how deficiencies in oxygen and substrate metabolism in response to placental restriction regulate skeletal muscle and liver metabolism is essential given the importance of these tissues in the development of later lifer metabolic dysfunction.

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Carbohydrate, Fat, and Amino Acid Metabolism in the Pregnant Woman and Fetus

Cited by 8 publications

References 221 publications

Human Growth

Human Growth

Fetal and maternal energy metabolism during labor in relation to the available caloric substrate

Dimming the Powerhouse: Mitochondrial Dysfunction in the Liver and Skeletal Muscle of Intrauterine Growth Restricted Fetuses

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