Carbohydrate–macrocycle conjugates for biomedical applications

Abstract

Carbohydrates are of great importance in a variety of biological processes, including but not limited to, energy production, energy storage, protein recognition, immune response, and macromolecule decoration. Many of the...

Suzuki‐Miyaura Reaction of Glycals with Base‐Labile Protecting Groups as a New Route to Glycoporphyrins

“…The subject of carbohydrate-macrocycle conjugates became an emerging field of modern glycoscience studies. [82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95] In particular, many multivalent glycomimetics such as multivalent iminosugars have been synthesized and exhibiting improved inhibiting properties towards targeted enzymes. [83,94,[96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104] Interestingly, even porphyrin macrocycle has already been succesfully applied as a multivalent core.…”

Supramolecular Integration of Multifunctional Nanomaterial by Mannose-Decorated Azocalixarene with Ginsenoside Rb1 for Synergistic Therapy of Rheumatoid Arthritis

“…Molecular recognition and assembly are two powerful weapons in the construction of supramolecular materials. Relying on host–guest recognition, drug delivery systems realized the desired quantitative loading and ratiometric delivery of drugs, , and also the loading procedure is very mild, simple, and repeatable, without need for any organic solvents and additional steps. , In addition, the modular host–guest complex permits mix-and-match combinations with a chosen container. ,, Such modularity is desirable in personalized medicine, where the identical macrocyclic drug delivery system is versatile in dispensing a series of individual drugs, either individually or in conjunction. ,, Through self-assembly, constituent units with diverse functions and activities can be spontaneously integrated into the consequent supramolecular nanostructures. − The self-assembly procedure is mild, compatible with a physiological environment, and takes place in an organism, thus improving the selectivity and efficacy of the treatment or overcoming the multidrug resistance in tumors. , DNA strands self-assembly is induced by strict complementary base pairing into highly predictable and well-defined nanoscale DNA architectures, including cubes, tetrahedrons, polyhedral, and spherical nucleic acids, which have attracted intense and widespread interest in physiological studies, therapy, diagnosis, drug delivery, and biocomputing. − By coassembling two kinds of macrocyclic amphiphiles, we obtained the heteromultivalent recognition platform with the tunability, wherein the coassembled components can be easily replaced and the coassembly ratio can be finely tuned as required . The supramolecular process is under thermodynamic control, and its dynamic nature not only simplifies the construction of materials benefited from the spontaneity and modularity but also diminishes the batch-to-batch inconsistencies originated from the self-correcting ability .…”

Structure-Controllable and Mass-Produced Glycopolymersomes as a Template of the Carbohydrate@Ag Nanobiohybrid with Inherent Antibacteria and Biofilm Eradication

“…16 Lectins are a kind of protein distributed on the surface of cells and perform functions by binding the specific carbohydrates. 17,18 The multivalency of glyconanomaterials can be more inclined to adhere to the cell surface of bacteria compared to the molecular glycopolymers through multivalent carbohydrate−protein recognitions (CPRs). 19,20 Besides, the formulation of glycopolymers into glyconanostructures with good biocompatibility and low toxicity is capable of encapsulating antibacterial/antibiofilm agents for targeted delivery and enhanced antibacterial activity, as well as improved biofilm dispersal efficacy.…”

“…Glycopolymer-based nanomaterials have emerged as a promising potential platform for the therapeutic applications of pathogen-infected diseases . Lectins are a kind of protein distributed on the surface of cells and perform functions by binding the specific carbohydrates. , The multivalency of glyconanomaterials can be more inclined to adhere to the cell surface of bacteria compared to the molecular glycopolymers through multivalent carbohydrate–protein recognitions (CPRs). , Besides, the formulation of glycopolymers into glyconanostructures with good biocompatibility and low toxicity is capable of encapsulating antibacterial/antibiofilm agents for targeted delivery and enhanced antibacterial activity, as well as improved biofilm dispersal efficacy. − To date, a wide dimension of glyconanostructures with different sizes and shapes, including micelles, cylinders, and polymersomes, have been developed for the disease treatment caused by bacteria and biofilms. , Among these nanostructures, polymersomes have received particular attention for biological applications due to their capability of encapsulating both hydrophobic and hydrophilic guests. Meanwhile, polymersomes were designed to mimic biological liposomes, which showed different functions in the organism, such as intercellular and intracellular transport substances and communications. , However, the polymersomes possess a more stable structure and more accessible functionalization than biological liposomes. − Functionalized polymersomes have been used for the treatment of various diseases caused by bacteria and biofilms with satisfying outcomes. , It remains a huge potential to develop glycopolymersomes to eradicate the pathogens and biofilms, which cause various diseases, such as dental caries.…”