Abstract:Background
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth and third most common cancer in Iran and the world, respectively. Carbohydrates can lead to the proliferation of cancer cells, including CRC. The current study aimed to investigate the association between glycemic load (GL), insulin load (IL), glycemic index (GI), insulin index (II), low-carbohydrate diet score (LCDS), and carbohydrate quality index (CQI) with CRC odds.
Methods
The present case-contr… Show more
“…To the best of our knowledge, only one small case–control study from Iran (71 CRC cases and 142 controls) has reported associations between higher CQI and lower CRC risk (T3-OR = 0.15; 95% CI: 0.06–0.39), as well as an inverse link between LCDs and CRC incidence (T3-OR = 0.28; 95% CI: 0.10–0.82) [ 11 ]. Our results are partly consistent with this case–control study in terms of the inverse association between CRC incidence and CQI, but differ on the LCDs finding.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Recently, the carbohydrate quality index (CQI) has been developed as a comprehensive measure of carbohydrate quality, incorporating multiple factors like dietary fiber content and glycemic index [ 10 ]. A previous small case–control study in Iranians indicated that higher CQI and LCDs were associated with a reduced CRC risk [ 11 ]. However, it did not assess potential interrelationships between these scores or conduct location-specific CRC risk analyses.…”
Background
Carbohydrates have been implicated in colorectal cancer (CRC) risk, but the specific impact of carbohydrate quality and quantity on CRC susceptibility in US populations remains unclear.
Methods
We followed 101,694 participants from Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. The carbohydrate quality index (CQI) and low-carbohydrate diet score (LCDs) were used to evaluate the daily carbohydrate quality and quantity separately, where higher scores indicated greater adherence. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to compute HRs and 95% CIs for incident CRC and related death. Subgroup analyses were conducted to identify potential effect modifiers.
Results
During follow-up, we documented 1085 incident cases of CRC, of whom 311 died from CRC. Individuals in the highest compared with the lowest quartiles of CQI had a lower CRC incidence (Q4 vs Q1: HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.67–0.96, Ptrend = 0.012) and mortality (Q4 vs Q1: HR 0.61, 95% CI 0.44–0.86, Ptrend = 0.004). The inverse association between CQI and CRC risk was observed for distal colon and rectum but not for proximal colon cancer. Regarding mortality, this association was only significant for rectum cancer. Subgroup analyses indicated this inverse association of CQI with CRC risk was only observed in participants with lower LCDs. No significant associations were found between LCDs and CRC incidence or mortality.
Conclusions
Our findings suggest focusing on higher quality, rather than restricting the quantity, of carbohydrate consumption may be an effective approach to reduce the risk of CRC in the US population, particularly for distal colon and rectal cancers.
“…To the best of our knowledge, only one small case–control study from Iran (71 CRC cases and 142 controls) has reported associations between higher CQI and lower CRC risk (T3-OR = 0.15; 95% CI: 0.06–0.39), as well as an inverse link between LCDs and CRC incidence (T3-OR = 0.28; 95% CI: 0.10–0.82) [ 11 ]. Our results are partly consistent with this case–control study in terms of the inverse association between CRC incidence and CQI, but differ on the LCDs finding.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Recently, the carbohydrate quality index (CQI) has been developed as a comprehensive measure of carbohydrate quality, incorporating multiple factors like dietary fiber content and glycemic index [ 10 ]. A previous small case–control study in Iranians indicated that higher CQI and LCDs were associated with a reduced CRC risk [ 11 ]. However, it did not assess potential interrelationships between these scores or conduct location-specific CRC risk analyses.…”
Background
Carbohydrates have been implicated in colorectal cancer (CRC) risk, but the specific impact of carbohydrate quality and quantity on CRC susceptibility in US populations remains unclear.
Methods
We followed 101,694 participants from Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. The carbohydrate quality index (CQI) and low-carbohydrate diet score (LCDs) were used to evaluate the daily carbohydrate quality and quantity separately, where higher scores indicated greater adherence. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to compute HRs and 95% CIs for incident CRC and related death. Subgroup analyses were conducted to identify potential effect modifiers.
Results
During follow-up, we documented 1085 incident cases of CRC, of whom 311 died from CRC. Individuals in the highest compared with the lowest quartiles of CQI had a lower CRC incidence (Q4 vs Q1: HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.67–0.96, Ptrend = 0.012) and mortality (Q4 vs Q1: HR 0.61, 95% CI 0.44–0.86, Ptrend = 0.004). The inverse association between CQI and CRC risk was observed for distal colon and rectum but not for proximal colon cancer. Regarding mortality, this association was only significant for rectum cancer. Subgroup analyses indicated this inverse association of CQI with CRC risk was only observed in participants with lower LCDs. No significant associations were found between LCDs and CRC incidence or mortality.
Conclusions
Our findings suggest focusing on higher quality, rather than restricting the quantity, of carbohydrate consumption may be an effective approach to reduce the risk of CRC in the US population, particularly for distal colon and rectal cancers.
Background
No previous study has assessed the association between oxidative balance score (OBS) and dietary phytochemical index (DPI) with colorectal cancer (CRC) simultaneously. Therefore, this study investigated the association between OBS and DPI with the odds of CRC among the Iranian population.
Methods
This hospital-based age and sex-matched case–control study was conducted between September 2008 and January 2010 (142 controls and 71 cases were entered for analysis). New diagnosed CRC cases were selected from the Cancer Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital of Tehran. Dietary intakes were determined by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Then, dietary indices were calculated by food items and nutrient intake. Logistic regression was utilized for assessing the tertiles of OBS and DPI.
Results
In multivariate analysis, OBS was associated with a 77% reduction in CRC odds in the last tertile than the first tertile (odds ratio (OR) = 0.23, confidence interval (CI): 0.07–0.72, Ptrend = 0.017). Also, we found a 64% reduction in CRC odds in the last tertile of DPI compared to the first tertile (OR = 0.36, CI: 0.15–0.86, Ptrend = 0.015).
Conclusions
A diet rich in phytochemicals and anti-oxidants, including fruits and vegetables (citrus fruits, colored berries, and dark-green leafy vegetables) and whole grains, may reduce the CRC odds.
“…All subjects were required to provide written informed consent before the interview. Details of the current study have been previously published [ 16 , 17 ].…”
Background
The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) has increased in Iran, and determining the dietary patterns that can contribute to reducing or increasing the risk of CRC will help better control this disease. Therefore, in the current study, we assessed the association between the empirical lifestyle index for hyperinsulinemia (ELIH) and the empirical dietary index for hyperinsulinemia (EDIH) with the CRC odds.
Methods
The present case (n = 71)-control (n = 142) study was carried out in several CRC surgical units of hospitals in Tehran, Iran. A semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire containing 168 items was used to assess participants’ dietary intakes. The EDIH and ELIH scores were calculated by food groups and some variables such as body mass index and physical activity. Logistic regression models were applied to evaluate the association between the EDIH and ELIH scores with CRC odds.
Results
According to baseline features of the study participants, there were significant differences between the controls and cases in ELIH score, fiber intake, taking aspirin, and family history of CRC in first- and second-degree relatives. Also, we found that the odds of CRC increased significantly in the last tertile compared to the first tertile in EDIH and ELIH in the adjusted model (odds ratio (OR) = 3.12; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.30–7.48 and OR = 4.72; 95% CI: 1.15–19.39, respectively).
Conclusions
In conclusion, the result of this study indicated that CRC odds was significantly greater in subjects with higher EDIH and ELIH scores. Also, according to the results of this study, lifestyle and diet with insulinemic potential can influence the CRC risk.
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