Carbon dioxide: a renewable feedstock for the synthesis of fine and bulk chemicals

Abstract

The syntheses of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) based industrially important chemicals have gained considerable interest in view of the sustainable chemistry and "green chemistry" concepts. In this review, recent developments in the chemical fixation of CO 2 to valuable chemicals are discussed. The synthesis of five-member cyclic carbonates via, cycloaddition of CO 2 to epoxides is one of the promising reactions replacing the existing poisonous phosgene-based synthetic route. This review focuses on the synthesis of cyclic carbonates, vinyl carbamates, and quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-diones via reaction of CO 2 and epoxide, amines/phenyl acetylene, 2-aminobenzinitrile and other chemicals. Direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate, 1,3-disubstituted urea and 2-oxazolidinones/2-imidazolidinones have limitations at present because of the reaction equilibrium and chemical inertness of CO 2 . The preferred alternatives for their synthesis like transesterification of ethylene carbonate with methanol, transamination of ethylene carbonate with primary amine and transamination reaction of ethylene carbonate with diamines/β-aminoalcohols are discussed. These methodologies offer marked improvements for greener chemical fixation of CO 2 in to industrially important chemicals.

Carbon Dioxide Recycling: Emerging Large‐Scale Technologies with Industrial Potential

“…The risk of emitting more CO 2 in CCR than the amount actually recycled is an identified pitfall, and explains the necessity of renewable (e.g., solar, geothermal, wind) or decarbonated (e.g., nuclear) energy sources. The scope of this Review is to provide an update that integrates with previous books and Reviews on this topic, [3,4,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] but focuses on the large-volume routes and the projects/pilot plants for CO 2 chemical utilization that are currently emerging at the industrial or pre-industrial level. Where possible, the quantities that could potentially be used by the proposed routes will be stated.…”

Synthesis of quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione from carbon dioxide and 2-aminobenzonitrile using mesoporous smectites incorporating alkali hydroxide

“…[11][12][13][14][15][16][17] The base catalysts promote the reaction between the amino group of 1 and CO 2 to produce a carbamate species, which is finally converted to the product 2 through the nucleophilic cyclization and the rearrangement by way of the isocyanate intermediate. Usually, the reaction of CO 2 with the amino group directly attached to a phenyl ring, for example the amino group of aniline, is more difficult than the one attached to an alkyl chain.…”

Synthesis of Quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-Diones from Carbon dioxide and 2-Aminobenzonitriles Using MgO/ZrO2 as a Solid Base Catalyst

“…In our efforts to develop novel methods based on CO 2 as a reagent [27][28][29][30][31], we herein report MgO/ZrO 2 catalyzed synthesis of quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-diones using CO 2 and 2-aminobenzonitriles. Initially, the reaction of 2-aminobenzonitrile with CO 2 to afford quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-diones (2a), was chosen as a model reaction for the exploration of suitable catalyst and various reaction variables.…”

“…It has a potential to replace toxic chemicals such as phosgene, isocyanates or carbon monoxide leading to greener processes [1,2]. Several efforts have been made to replace phosgene based routes via catalytic incorporation of CO 2 into organic substrates for their functionalization [3,4].…”