Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide emission rates from an alkaline intra-plate volcano: Mt. Erebus, Antarctica

Wardell, L. J.; Kyle, Philip R.; Chaffin, Charles T.

doi:10.1016/s0377-0273(03)00320-2

Cited by 40 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Few data on volcanic emission rates of CO are available in the literature, but our values are comparable to Mt. Erebus (1.74 kg/s [ Wardell et al , 2004]) and higher than those observed at Oldoinyo Lengai (0.08 kg/s [ Oppenheimer et al , 2002]), a carbonatite volcano on the East African Rift zone. Halogen emissions (HCl and HF) from Nyiragongo are lower than typical emissions from Mt.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Investigation into magma degassing at Nyiragongo volcano, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Sawyer

Carn

Tsanev

et al. 2008

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

122

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[1] We report the first combined measurements of the composition and flux of gas , with little temporal variation in proportions of CO 2 , SO 2 , and CO, in particular, on the scale of seconds or days or even between the three field campaigns that span a period of 24 months. This stability persisted despite a wide range of degassing behaviors on the surface of the summit crater's lava lake (including discrete strombolian bursts and lava fountains) and variations in the SO 2 emission rate. We explain these observations by a regime of steady state degassing in which bubbles nucleate and ascend in chemical equilibrium with the convecting magma. Short-term (seconds to minutes) temporal fluctuations in the SO 2 -HCl-HF composition were observed, and these are attributed to shallow degassing processes.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Investigation into magma degassing at Nyiragongo volcano, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Sawyer

Carn

Tsanev

et al. 2008

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

122

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“…Our measurements contribute to a better evaluation of H 2 emissions from active volcanism. While it has long been known that volcanoes are important atmospheric sources of “reduced” chemical species such as CO [ Wardell et al , 2004] and H 2 S [ Aiuppa et al , 2005], the volcanic contribution to the global H 2 atmospheric budget is poorly known: the only available estimate is from Warneck [1988], who reported a global H 2 volcanic flux of ∼200 Gg yr −1 . If our mean H 2 ‐SO 2 ratio of 0.013 (molar) is used in tandem with time‐averaged SO 2 flux from Etna of 1600 Gg yr −1 (or 4500 t d −1 [ Allard , 1997]), we obtain a first‐order assessment of the volcano's H 2 flux of 0.65 Gg yr −1 (range 0.1–2 Gg yr −1 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen in the gas plume of an open-vent volcano, Mount Etna, Italy

et al. 2011

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[1] We report here on the first hydrogen determinations in the volcanic gas plume of Mount Etna, in Italy, which we obtained during periodic field surveys on the volcano's summit area with an upgraded MultiGAS. Using a specific (EZT3HYT) electrochemical sensor, we resolved H 2 concentrations in the plume of 1-3 ppm above ambient (background) atmosphere and derived H 2 -SO 2 and H 2 -H 2 O plume molar ratios of 0.002-0.044 (mean 0.013) and 0.0001-0.0042 (mean 0.0018), respectively. Taking the above H 2 -SO 2 ratios in combination with a time-averaged SO 2 flux of 1600 Gg yr −1 , we evaluate that Etna contributes a time-averaged H 2 flux of ∼0.65 Gg yr −1 , suggesting that the volcanogenic contribution to the global atmospheric H 2 budget (70,000-100,000 Gg yr) is marginal. We also use our observed H 2 -H 2 O ratios to propose that Etna's passive plume composition is (at least partially) representative of a quenched (temperatures between 750°C and 950°C) equilibrium in the gas-magma system, at redox conditions close to the nickel-nickel oxide (NNO) mineral buffer. The positive dependence between H 2 -SO 2 , H 2 -H 2 O, and CO 2 -SO 2 ratios suggests that H 2 is likely supplied (at least in part) by deeply rising CO 2 -rich gas bubbles, fluxing through a CO 2 -depleted shallow conduit magma.

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“…This lack of information is due to from the inherent analytical complexity of resolving the volcanic CO 2 isotopic signature from the overwhelming atmospheric CO 2 signal (Gagliardi et al 2002). Thus, whilst CO 2 concentrations in volcanic plumes are increasingly investigated thanks to the advent of modern IR (infrared) spectroscopic methods (Allard et al 1991a(Allard et al , 1994Gerlach et al 1997Gerlach et al , 1998Gerlach et al , 2002Burton et al 2000;Goff et al 2001;Wardell et al 2001Wardell et al , 2004Aiuppa et al 2006Aiuppa et al , 2007Aiuppa et al , 2008Oppenheimer et al 2006;Hager et al 2008), there are no isotopic constraints on the origin of such gas emissions, which prevents us from more in depth characterisation of CO 2 exchanges among the different geochemical reservoirs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First 13C/12C isotopic characterisation of volcanic plume CO2

et al. 2010

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We describe analytical details and uncertainty evaluation of a simple technique for the measurement of the carbon isotopic composition of CO 2 in volcanic plumes. Data collected at Solfatara and Vulcano, where plumes are fed by fumaroles which are accessible for direct sampling, were first used to validate the technique. For both volcanoes, the plume-derived carbon isotopic compositions are in good agreement with the fumarolic compositions, thus providing confidence on the method, and allowing its application at volcanoes where the volcanic component is inaccessible to direct sampling. As a notable example, we applied the same method to Mount Etna where we derived a 0.27‰ (Bocca Nuova and Voragine craters). The comparison of our measurements to data reported in previous work values of Etna CO 2 from~−4‰, in the 1970's and the 1980's, to~−1‰ at the present time (2009). This shift toward more positive δ 13 C values matches a concurrent change in magma composition and an increase in the eruption frequency and energy. We discuss such variations in terms of two possible processes: magma carbonate assimilation and carbon isotopic fractionation due to magma degassing along the Etna plumbing system. Finally, our results highlight potential of systematic measurements of the carbon isotopic composition of the CO 2 emitted by volcanic plumes for a better understanding of volcanic processes and for improved surveillance of volcanic activity.

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Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide emission rates from an alkaline intra-plate volcano: Mt. Erebus, Antarctica

Cited by 40 publications

References 31 publications

Investigation into magma degassing at Nyiragongo volcano, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Investigation into magma degassing at Nyiragongo volcano, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Hydrogen in the gas plume of an open-vent volcano, Mount Etna, Italy

First 13C/12C isotopic characterisation of volcanic plume CO2

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