Carbon dioxide elimination during spontaneous ventilation with a modified mapleson D system: Studies in a lung model

Rebreathing and end-tidal CO2 during spontaneous breathing with the Bain circuit

“…According to the VE, the breathing system will fluctuate between a functional state of non-rebreathing (if VE/VF = <0. 4 If ~/E > VF then VF will mainly determine FETco~; if VE < VF, then VE will mainly control FETCO=. Our observations provide no evidence that the relationship between VE, VF and FETCO 2 is affected by rebreathing or the degree of mixing of fresh gas and alveolar gas inside the breathing system.…”

Calculation of end–tidal carbon dioxide fractions in the Bain system

“…Several investigators have suggested formulas for calculating the rebreathing effects of the Mapleson D, E and F systems (3,8,(11)(12)(13). The formula proposed b y Stenqvist & Sonander is one of the most complicated.…”

Simulated Spontaneous Breathing. A New Model for Testing Anaesthetic Circuits

“…Therefore, lung models that "produce" carbon dioxide have been used to elucidate these problems. Many models consist simply of passive rubber bags and can only be used for controlled ventilation, but models capable of simulating spontaneous breathing have been used by several investigators (9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22). Most of these models have involved a sinusoidal flow with (15) or without added pauses.…”