Carbon footprint assessment of recycling technologies for rare earth elements: A case study of recycling yttrium and europium from phosphor

Hu, Allen H.; Kuo, Chien-Hung; Huang, Lance Hongwei; Su, Chaochin

doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2016.10.032

Cited by 32 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Together with yttrium, europium recovery from spent fluorescent lamps is reported to require weaker leaching solvents and temperatures than cerium-, lanthanum-, gadoliniumand terbium-based phosphors [46]. The only study found in the literature that applied LCA to europium recovery was based on lab scale processes [47], which are usually more intensive in both material and energy requirements than optimized scaled-up plants.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The total cost for europium recycling from spent lamps includes costs for collection at end-of-life and further processing for elemental recovery. In addition, the grade of europium recovered, reagent costs, energy consumption, inefficiency during end-of-life collection and sorting, mandatory recycling quotas based on the mass of product, and decreasing concentrations in products are limiting factors in the recovery efficiency process [10,47,60,65]. Second, the transition from fluorescent lamps to SSL technology is expected to make the demand for europium peak and then decline [66] because the quantities of REEs required per unit of SSL are up to some orders of magnitude lower than those needed to produce fluorescent lamps.…”

Section: Potentials For End-of-life Recovery and For Closing The Euromentioning

confidence: 99%

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Shedding Light on the Anthropogenic Europium Cycle in the EU–28. Marking Product Turnover and Energy Progress in the Lighting Sector

2018

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Phase-out strategies for incandescent bulbs in favor of advanced energy-efficiency lighting systems such as fluorescent lamps and solid-state technology have considerably reduced the energy use for lighting, but have also resulted in dependence on many critical materials like rare earth elements and shifted the attention to sustainable use and recovery of resources. In this work, a dynamic material flow model was developed to analyze the socio-economic metabolism of europium in the EU–28. The analysis shows that europium marked product turnover and progress in lighting efficiency, with this element being employed both in traditional and novel lighting technology to provide luminescence. The results also demonstrate that the current anthropogenic reserve could constitute an attractive source of secondary europium with substantial potentials for environmental benefits. However, nonexistent recycling and market forces hinder strategies for material circularity. In particular, the transition from fluorescent lamps to solid-state technology is quickly decreasing the demand for europium. This trend adds further constraints to the creation of a sustainable recycling industry for europium, with primary sources that might remain the preferable route to supply phosphors to future lighting systems.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Potentials For End-of-life Recovery and For Closing The Euromentioning

confidence: 99%

Shedding Light on the Anthropogenic Europium Cycle in the EU–28. Marking Product Turnover and Energy Progress in the Lighting Sector

2018

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“…Life‐cycle assessments (LCA) been conducted to evaluate the performance of waste treatment options (Laurent et al., ), yet only a few applications appear in the literature with respect to REE recycling (Amato et al., ; Bailey, ; Binnemans et al., ; Navarro & Zhao, ). They globally tend to confirm the hypothesis on the lower impact of secondary production compared to primary production (Jin, Afiuny, McIntyre, Yiha, & Sutherland, ), and offer perspectives for determining the most environmentally friendly recycling processing routes (Hu, Kuo, Huang, & Su, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Economic assessment and carbon footprint of recycling rare earths from magnets: Evaluation at lab scale paving the way toward industrialization

Beylot

Ménad

Seron

et al. 2019

J of Industrial Ecology

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Project EXTRADE developed an innovative process for recycling rare earths (RE) from permanent magnets used in small applications. To assess the potential of further research from lab scale toward industrialization, this study performs economic and environmental evaluations. Because data are incomplete at current levels of process development, this study propagates uncertainty into the results. Results show that the EXTRADE process, as a complement to the Hard Disk Drive (HDD) waste management system currently in operation in France, could be both economically profitable and beneficial in terms of climate change. However, at this stage of development the price of output products is a key determinant of the economic profitability while still particularly uncertain. Also, the EXTRADE process may offer a climate change benefit due to the substitution of recycled RE oxides for those produced from primary resources (80% chance to be superior to 990 tonnes CO2‐eq over 5 years). The amount of the waste recycled is another key, uncertain parameter regarding both the environmental and economic benefits provided by the process.

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“…The conventional hydrometallurgical process for REEs recovery uses various types of mineral acids as leaching agents, such as hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ), and nitric acid (HNO 3 ) . Review literatures of acid extraction of Y and Eu revealed that high temperature, long reaction time, and concentrated acid are needed in leaching …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6,17,18 Review literatures of acid extraction of Y and Eu revealed that high temperature, long reaction time, and concentrated acid are needed in leaching. [19][20][21] 3860 www.soci.org J Lie, S Ismadji, J-C Liu…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave‐assisted leaching of rare earth elements (Y and Eu) from waste cathode ray tube phosphor

Lie

Ismadji

Liu

2019

J of Chemical Tech & Biotech

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BACKGROUND Phosphor in discarded cathode ray tube (CRT) contained valuable metals, yttrium (Y) and europium (Eu), which are categorized as technology‐critical elements (TCEs) in terms of their supply risk and importance in emerging technologies. Microwave‐assisted leaching was applied to recover Y and Eu from waste CRT with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) solution as the leaching agent in the current study. It is aimed to develop an alternative leaching method of valuable metals from waste CRT phosphor. RESULTS The effects of microwave power and acid concentration on leaching efficiency of Y and Eu were investigated. Shrinking‐core model could describe the leaching kinetics of Y and Eu well and it was controlled by chemical reaction and diffusion through the product layer. Higher leaching efficiency was found when microwave power increased from 200 to 600 W, and was also found as acid concentration increased from 0.5 to 2 mol L−1. Leaching efficiency of Y and Eu were 78.07% and 100%, respectively, for Y and Eu within 60 min at microwave power of 400 W, using 2 mol L−1 of H2SO4 at 10 g L−1 of solid to liquid ratio. Compared with conventional leaching, microwave‐assisted leaching is an alternative technology that could shorten reaction time significantly. CONCLUSIONS The concentration of acid and microwave power affected microwave‐assisted leaching of Y and Eu from waste CRT phosphor. Microwave‐assisted leaching could be an alternative process for rare earth elements recovery. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry

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Carbon footprint assessment of recycling technologies for rare earth elements: A case study of recycling yttrium and europium from phosphor

Cited by 32 publications

References 43 publications

Shedding Light on the Anthropogenic Europium Cycle in the EU–28. Marking Product Turnover and Energy Progress in the Lighting Sector

Shedding Light on the Anthropogenic Europium Cycle in the EU–28. Marking Product Turnover and Energy Progress in the Lighting Sector

Economic assessment and carbon footprint of recycling rare earths from magnets: Evaluation at lab scale paving the way toward industrialization

Microwave‐assisted leaching of rare earth elements (Y and Eu) from waste cathode ray tube phosphor

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