Carbon Monoxide and Hydrocarbon Contains of Motorcycles: Metro Dumaguete, Philippines

Abstract

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), almost 98% of low and middle-income countries’ air fail to meet the United Nations (UN) body’s standards. Data from the Department of Environment and Natural Resources’ Environmental Management Bureau (DENR-EMB) revealed the Total Suspended Particles (TSP) in Metro Manila during the first quarter of 2015 reached 130 micrograms per normal cubic meter (ug/Ncm). The maximum safe level is 90 ug/Ncm. Since 80% of pollution load is contributed by vehicles, the study determined the amount of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC) during the smoke emission testing of motorcycles in Metro Dumaguete, Negros Oriental, Philippines. Random sampling and simple average formula were utilized in the study. Using the smoke test results from January to February 2015, it was found out that the average amount of CO is 1.45 µg/cm which is very low compared to DENR standard exposure value of 35 ug/cm for one hour and 10 µg/cm for 8-hour exposure. Also, the average amount of HC is 600.26 ppm which is low compared to DENR’s maximum set value of 4500ppm to 6500 ppm. Current findings indicate that the amount of CO of motorcycle emissions is insignificant while HC is low as compared to the standard value.

An Innovative Electric Ship Steering Systems, Analysis and Implementation

“…The characteristics of the naval units under consideration within this study are synthesized in table 1. The main requirements, according to [4], can be summarized as follows:…”

“…The approach followed is part of a more general trend that, in recent years, has seen a growing interest in replacing traditional solutions with more innovative ones that arise from the integration of special 3D printed components integrated into mechatronic systems [2], [3].The implementation of the electric drive system for the rudders must ensure the performances and the reliability according to the regulations of the American Bureau of Shipping (ABS), which will be considered as the reference also for the load calculations [4], [5].…”