Carbon nanoelectrodes for single-cell probing

Anderson, Seán T.; Bau, Haim H.

doi:10.1088/0957-4484/26/18/185101

Cited by 19 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…The hollow carbon pipettes were used to deliver molecular species to a cell 31, 32 and conduct intracellular electrochemical measurements. 32, 33 The effect of changing fabrication conditions on the wall structure and surface chemistry of CNPs was also reported. 34 This fabrication procedure was later modified to fabricate solid-tipped CNPs.…”

Section: New Fabrication Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent advances in the development and application of nanoelectrodes

Fan

Han

Zhang

2016

Analyst

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Nanoelectrodes have key advantages compared to electrodes of conventional size and are the tool of choice for numerous applications in both fundamental electrochemistry research and bioelectrochemical analysis. This Minireview summarizes recent advances in the development, characterization, and use of nanoelectrodes in nanoscale electroanalytical chemistry. Methods of nanoelectrode preparation include laser-pulled glass-sealed metal nanoelectrodes, mass-produced nanoelectrodes, carbon nanotube based and carbon-filled nanopipettes, and tunneling nanoelectrodes. Several new topics of recent application are covered, which include the use of nanoelectrodes for electrochemical imaging at ultrahigh spatial resolution, imaging with nanoelectrodes and nanopipettes, electrochemical analysis of single cells, single enzymes, and single nanoparticles, and the use of nanoelectrodes to understand single nanobubbles.

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Section: New Fabrication Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such experiments may enable position control of nanoelectrodes for intracellular probing in the future. 33 …”

Section: New Applications Of Nanoelectrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in the development and application of nanoelectrodes

Fan

Han

Zhang

2016

Analyst

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“…While technology to reduce the size of glass nanopipette tips has improved such that diameters of <100 nm are routinely used [12, 37, 38], the fragility of the tip often results in mechanical failure during insertion into cells, and this has prompted innovations such as assembly of a carbon nanotube within a glass nanopipette, by either magnetic assembly [39], flow-through [10], or chemical vapor deposition [14], to take advantage of the superior mechanical flexibility and strength of the carbon nanotube [10, 13, 14, 39]. Additional utility is provided in this approach by correlating the change in electrical impedance and interfacial capacitance between a cell and a carbon nanopipette during nanoinjection to independently detect penetration of the cell and nucleus membranes, a critical capability to achieve automated injection [13, 14].…”

Section: Technologies For In Vitro Studies Of Adherent Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additional utility is provided in this approach by correlating the change in electrical impedance and interfacial capacitance between a cell and a carbon nanopipette during nanoinjection to independently detect penetration of the cell and nucleus membranes, a critical capability to achieve automated injection [13, 14]. Another approach to increase the mechanical stability of glass nanopipettes is to reinforce them with a thin-film coating, which can also provide useful electrical properties [40].…”

Section: Technologies For In Vitro Studies Of Adherent Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micro- and Nanoscale Technologies for Delivery into Adherent Cells

Kang

McNaughton

Espinosa

2016

Trends in Biotechnology

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Several recent micro- and nano-technologies have provided novel methods for biological studies of adherent cells because the small features of these new biotools provide unique capabilities for accessing cells without the need for suspension or lysis. These novel approaches have enabled gentle, yet effective delivery of molecules into specific adhered target cells, with unprecedented spatial resolution. Here we review recent progress in the development of these technologies with an emphasis on in vitro delivery into adherent cells utilizing mechanical penetration or electroporation. We discuss major advantages and limitations of these approaches and propose possible strategies for improvements. Finally, we discuss the impact of these technologies on biological research concerning cell-specific temporal studies, e.g., non-destructive sampling and analysis of intracellular molecules. Need For Techniques To Study Adherent Cells A mechanistic understanding of cell biology is often limited by both the complexity of the processes and limitations of commonly available research tools that lack temporal or spatial resolution. The lack of tools capable of providing cell-specific, non-destructive biomolecular delivery and analysis is a particular barrier for advancing fundamental discoveries of cell heterogeneity, single-cell behavior within a complex environment, and the mechanisms that govern disease states, responses to drugs or other stimuli, and differentiation of stem cells. To gain new mechanistic understanding, advances in methods for precise intracellular delivery and non-destructive biochemical analyses of non-secretory molecules (e.g., mRNA and proteins) are greatly needed so that individual cells can be experimentally controlled and repeatedly analyzed over time and/or within a particular location of the cell. For example, developing neurons must undergo a series of sequential changes in gene expression to achieve a mature phenotype; hence, understanding the process will require the ability to accurately monitor the sequence of intracellular events, within individual cells, in a non-destructive manner. In addition, neuronal maturation is influenced by interactions with surrounding cells and with extracellular matrix, so it is necessary to be able to simultaneously monitor events occurring in multiple cells that are interacting with each other and with the matrix. While the requirements are challenging, these experimental capabilities would provide unprecedented insight into the determinants of both the timing of cellular processes and their phenotype, the principles of cell heterogeneity, and the role of cell-cell communication in homogeneous cell populations and co-cultures. Because most cells adhere to a substrate or to other cells during their growth or differentiation [1], it is advantageous for new technologies to be capable of accessing adhered cells to avoid the need to disrupt cell processes by suspension and replating. Several technologies for studying adhered cells are currently being developed, and ...

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“…Micro-and nanoscale electrodes have been an area of active research interest due to their ability to investigate microenvironments and provide insight into both fundamental and applied science including single-cell physiology, single-molecule and particle detection, reaction kinetics, electrical double layer effects, and high-resolution imaging [1][2][3][4][5]. Microdroplets are used to mimic small-volume environments such as those found in biological research and portable devices or in the pursuit of "green" analytical chemistry which aims to minimize the economic and ecological costs of research by reducing the amount of expensive reagents required and waste produced [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Self‐contained Two‐electrode Nanosensor for Electrochemical Analysis in Aqueous Microenvironments

Scheibel

Schrlau

2020

Electroanalysis

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We describe the development, fabrication, and characterization of a novel two‐electrode nanosensor contained within the tip of a needle‐like probe. This sensor consists of two, vertically aligned, carbon structures which function as individual electrodes. One of the carbon structures was modified by silver electrodeposition and chlorination to enable it to function as a pseudo‐reference electrode. Performance of this pseudo‐reference electrode was found to be comparable to that of commercially available Ag/AgCl reference electrodes. The unmodified carbon structure was employed as a working electrode versus the silver‐plated carbon structure to form a two‐electrode sensor capable of characterizing redox‐active analytes. The nanosensor was demonstrated to be capable of electrochemically characterizing the redox behavior of para‐aminophenol (PAP) in both bulk solutions and microenvironments. PAP was also measured in cell lysate to show that the nanosensor can detect small concentrations of analyte in heterogenous environments. As the working and reference electrodes are contained within a single nanoprobe, there was no requirement to position external electrodes within the electrochemical cell enabling analysis within very small domains. Due to the low‐cost manufacturing process, this nanoprobe has the potential to become a unique and widely accessible tool for the electrochemical characterization of microenvironments.

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Carbon nanoelectrodes for single-cell probing

Cited by 19 publications

References 45 publications

Recent advances in the development and application of nanoelectrodes

Recent advances in the development and application of nanoelectrodes

Micro- and Nanoscale Technologies for Delivery into Adherent Cells

A Self‐contained Two‐electrode Nanosensor for Electrochemical Analysis in Aqueous Microenvironments

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