“…10 Advances in biomolecular detection have included use of nanomaterials, such as nanotubes, nanoparticles, and nanowires, as a medium of signal amplification. [11][12][13] In recent years, due to its interesting properties, including a large surface area, superior conductivity, biocompatibility, and high stability, nanoporous gold has attracted considerable attention. Several methods, including electrochemical deposition, 14 electrochemical erosion, 15 "direct freezing", 16 a voltage-induced dimension change method, 17 a "dealloying process", template synthesis, 21,22 and repetitive square-wave oxidationreduction cycle (SWORC) 23 were been used to prepare a three-dimensional gold (3D-Au) nanostructure.…”