Carbon nanotubes and other fullerene-related nanocrystals in the environment: A TEM study

Murr, Lawrence E.; Soto, K. F.; Esquivel, E. V.; Bang, John J.; Guerrero, P. A.; López, Daniel; Ramirez, D. A.

doi:10.1007/s11837-004-0106-6

Cited by 35 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…In the absence of any traceable metallic magnetic impurity, the observed magnetism in the vehicle wastes may originate from different sources (Murr et al 2004). Existence of purely carbon-based magnets are well known these days where the purely organic material exhibits magnetization at room temperature or even above with proven absence of metallic impurities (Ohldag et al 2006;Barzola-Quiquia et al 2007;Arčon et al 2006), and this can be one additional/alternate possibility of the origin of magnetism in vehicle wastes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Carbon nanotubes and other fullerene-related nanocrystals are ubiquitous in the atmospheric environmentboth indoor and outdoor. Carbon nanotubes and complex carbon nanocrystal aggregates are observed to be emitted from contemporary combustion sources (Murr et al 2004). Since there is no traceable amount of metallic magnetic impurities in EDX spectra (resolution of the EDX is 0.1 at.%), it may be construed that the origin of the magnetism in the pollutants is primarily due to the presence carbon which has undergone combustion at very high temperature.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A preliminary study on the nature of particulate matters in vehicle fuel wastes

Bhattacharjee

Mandal

Roy

et al. 2010

Environ Monit Assess

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Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and tunneling electron microscopy (TEM) studies of two solid vehicle wastes (pollutants) from petrol- and diesel-fueled engines of Kolkata (India) have detected a significant amount of ultrafine particles in the nanometer scale in these wastes. Both powder XRD and selected area electron diffraction from TEM have confirmed the existence of inhomogeneous distribution of nanocrystallites in these pollutants. Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry shows that these wastes contain mainly carbon and oxygen as the constituent components. These pollutants are magnetic in nature as seen with SQUID magnetometry, and the presence of a high amount of carbon presumably is likely the origin of the magnetic property.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A preliminary study on the nature of particulate matters in vehicle fuel wastes

Bhattacharjee

Mandal

Roy

et al. 2010

Environ Monit Assess

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“…In addition, fullerenes have been detected in geologic strata [5], combustion soot [6–8], and wastewater treatment effluent [9], suggesting an historical and widespread environmental presence. The unique properties of these nanomaterials coupled with the potential for exposure [10–12] causes concern for their possible impacts on human health [13–15] and the environment [16–20]. Quantitative risk assessment of fullerenes has not yet been achieved, partly due to a lack of standardized fullerene solutions as well as robust extraction and analytical techniques capable of quantifying fullerenes in the complex biological matrices of toxicological studies [21, 22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of extraction methods for quantification of aqueous fullerenes in urine

et al. 2010

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There is a growing concern about the human and environmental health effects of fullerenes (e.g., C60) due to their increasing application in research, medicine, and industry. Toxicological and pharmacokinetic research requires standard methods for extraction and detection of fullerenes from biological matrices such as urine. The present study validates the use of liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) methods in conjunction with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) for the quantitative determination of C60 in human and synthetic urine as compared with ultrapure water. Glacial acetic acid, which is necessary to prevent emulsions during LLE, inhibited C60 detection by LC–MS, but this could be mitigated with evaporation. Aqueous C60 aggregates (nC60) were spiked at 180 µg/L into the components of a synthetic urine recipe to determine their individual impacts on extraction and detection. Urea, creatinine, and a complex protein (i.e., gelatin) were found to impair SPE, leading to a low recovery rate of 43±4% for C60 spiked into human urine. In contrast, C60 was consistently recovered from synthetic matrices using LLE, and recovery in human urine was 80±6%. These results suggest that LLE combined with LC–MS is suitable for studying the clearance of fullerenes from the body. LLE is a robust technique that holds promise for extracting C60 from other complex biological matrices (e.g., blood, sweat, amniotic fluid) in toxicological studies, enabling a better understanding of the behavior of fullerenes in human and animal systems and facilitating a more comprehensive risk evaluation of fullerenes.

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“…Recent research has been published in which carbon nanotubes and related carbon nanocrystal aggregates present in the atmosphere were analyzed via transmission electron microscopy. 27 These nanoparticles occur naturally and have been created for many millennia as a result of combustion and food cooking. While qualitative in nature, this type of work indicates increasing attention to environmental and health considerations.…”

Section: The Double-edged Sword Of Nanomaterialsmentioning

confidence: 99%