Carbon nanotubes: dynamics of synthesis processes

Laplaze, D.; Alvarez, Laurent; Guillard, T.; Badie, J. M.; Flamant, Gilles

doi:10.1016/s0008-6223(02)00005-2

Cited by 41 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…3(a), the three carbon blacks have different sulfur contents while having very similar sizes of primary Figure 2 Raman spectra of the SWCNTs produced by the induction thermal plasma process showing the effects of (a) different catalysts and (b) sheath gas composition Nano Res (2009) 2: 800 817 particles and grains. Our results agree with previous observations that sulfur content has an effect on the diameter distribution of SWCNTs [7,17]; larger tubes are synthesized with higher levels of sulfur (see RBM in Fig. 3(a)).…”

Section: Parametric Study Of Processing Conditionssupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Our results agree with previous observations that sulfur content has an effect on the diameter distribution of SWCNTs [7,17]; larger tubes are synthesized with higher levels of sulfur (see RBM in Fig. 3(a)).…”

supporting

confidence: 93%

“…Sulfur-containing compounds have been routinely employed to improve SWCNT yields in other synthesis processes. It is believed that small amounts of sulfur can help promote the SWCNT growth reaction by changing the surface tension and thus affecting reaction paths, while higher sulfur concentrations may poison the catalyst particles and impede the formation of SWCNTs [17]. In Fig.…”

Section: Parametric Study Of Processing Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes by induction thermal plasma

Moradian

Mostaghimi

et al. 2009

Nano Res.

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The production of high quality single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) on a bulk scale has been an issue of considerable interest. Recently, it has been demonstrated that high quality SWCNTs can be continuously synthesized on large scale by using induction thermal plasma technology. In this process, the high energy density of the thermal plasma is employed to generate dense vapor-phase precursors for the synthesis of SWCNTs. With the current reactor system, a carbon soot product which contains approximately 40 wt% of SWCNTs can be continuously synthesized at the high production rate of ~100 g/h. In this article, our recent research efforts to achieve major advances in this technology are presented. Firstly, the processing parameters involved are examined systematically in order to evaluate their individual inÁuences on the SWCNT synthesis. Á Based on these results, the appropriate operating conditions of the induction thermal plasma process for an effective synthesis of SWCNTs are discussed. A characterization study has also been performed on the SWCNTs produced under the optimum processing conditions. Finally, a mathematical model of the process currently under development is described. The model will help us to better understand the synthesis of SWCNTs in the induction plasma process. KEYWORDSSingle-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), large-scale continuous synthesis, radio frequency (RF) induction thermal plasma, optimization, numerical modeling Nano ResearchOver the past decade, the superlative properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) [1] have attracted much attention for their use in a wide range of applications, including microelectronic [2], biomedical [3], polymer [4], energy [5], and environmental [6] devices. Consequently, the economical production of high quality SWCNTs on a large scale has become an issue of considerable interest. To date, there have been tremendous efforts to develop new synthesis methods leading to the economical production of SWCNTs and it has been shown that SWCNTs can be produced by many 801 Nano Res (2009) 2: 800 817 different ways, such as arc discharge, laser ablation, arc-jet plasmas, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), non-equilibrium plasmas, and combustion methods.Recently, it was demonstrated that high quality SWCNTs can be continuously synthesized, on a large scale, by the method of simultaneous direct evaporation of carbon black and metal/metaloxide catalyst mixtures, using induction thermal plasma technology [7]. In this process, the high energy density of the thermal plasma is employed to generate dense vapor-phase precursors for the synthesis of SWCNTs. The main advantages of this process are that the rate of input carbon is not limited by the rate of electrode erosion and that SWCNTs are synthesized in the free space without any substrates. Before undertaking optimization efforts, it was shown that a carbon soot product which contains approximately 40 wt% of SWCNTs can be continuously synthesized at production rates of over 100 g/h.The primary goal ...

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Section: Parametric Study Of Processing Conditionssupporting

confidence: 93%

supporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Parametric Study Of Processing Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes by induction thermal plasma

Moradian

Mostaghimi

et al. 2009

Nano Res.

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“…This is probably due to the lower cooling rate of vapor when plasma is generated by argon in comparison to helium plasma. Laplaze et al pointed out the great influence of the cooling rate of vapors on the structure and yield of nanostructured carbon material; they observed a fast cooling rate when plasma is generated by helium and lower with argon at close flow rate [66]. Raman spectroscopy results indicate that the crystallinity of the carbon shell increases when pure argon is used.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Size Control of Carbon Encapsulated Iron Nanoparticles by Arc Discharge Plasma Method

et al. 2016

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Size control of core@shell nanostructures is still a challenge. Carbon encapsulated iron nanoparticles (CEINPs) were synthesized by arc discharge plasma method in this study. CEINPs size can be controlled by varying gas composition, due to change in plasma properties. The morphology and structural features were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution TEM. Magnetic properties were studied to confirm the changes in CEINPs size by using superconducting quantum interference device. In order to evaluate the carbon shell protection and ensure the absence of iron oxide, selected area electron diffraction technique, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy were employed. Moreover, the degree of carbon order-disorder was studied by Raman Spectroscopy. It was concluded that arc discharge method is a suitable technique for precise size control of CEINPs.

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“…Different techniques have been used to induce graphite vaporization such as arc discharge [1], pulsed [2] or continuous laser [3] and solar energy [4]. ONERA has developed and instrumented a reactor for ex situ analysis and in situ optical diagnostics of the SWCNTs' formation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of single‐walled carbon nanotubes with the laser vaporization method: Ex situ and in situ measurements

Cau

Dorval

Attal‐Trétout

et al. 2006

Physica Status Solidi (b)

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In situ measurements were executed in the continuous wave CO 2 -laser vaporization synthesis of singlewalled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). The results were compared with the findings of the ex situ analysis of the product. Different catalysts (Co, Ni, Co/Ni, Ni/Y and Co/Y) were used and the temperature of the target surface (T s ) changed to compare the efficiency of the synthesis process. Our main results are related to the SWCNTs diameter which is depending on T s and on the catalysts nature. The targets containing Y with Co or Ni atoms produce more and larger SWCNTs than Co/Ni targets. The SWCNTs' diameter is seen to increase with T s .

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Carbon nanotubes: dynamics of synthesis processes

Cited by 41 publications

References 36 publications

Synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes by induction thermal plasma

Synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes by induction thermal plasma

Size Control of Carbon Encapsulated Iron Nanoparticles by Arc Discharge Plasma Method

Synthesis of single‐walled carbon nanotubes with the laser vaporization method: Ex situ and in situ measurements

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