Carbon2Chem® – A Cross‐Industry Approach to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Oles, Markus; Lüke, Wiebke; Kleinschmidt, Ralph; Büker, K.; Weddige, Hans-Jörn; Schmöle, Peter; Achatz, Reinhold

doi:10.1002/cben.201800012

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 1 publication

(1 reference statement)

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“…We include the products given in ref4 and additional products that are the focus of the Carbon2Chem project. 29 Furthermore, methanol-to-X processes as proposed in Kaẗelhon et al 30 and all CO-based processes provided in IHS Markit 31 for the region of Germany are included. As a result, all currently published CO-and CO 2 -based chemicals, as well as ammonia and urea, are considered in the model.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For this purpose, our optimization includes power and heat supply as well as carbon monoxide (CO)- and carbon dioxide (CO 2 )-based routes for chemicals besides methanol. We include the products given in ref and additional products that are the focus of the Carbon2Chem project . Furthermore, methanol-to-X processes as proposed in Kätelhön et al and all CO-based processes provided in IHS Markit for the region of Germany are included.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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What Shall We Do with Steel Mill Off-Gas: Polygeneration Systems Minimizing Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Kleinekorte

Leitl

Zibunas

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Both the global steel and chemical industries contribute largely to industrial greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. For both industries, GHG emissions are strongly related to the consumption of fossil resources. While the chemical industry often releases GHGs as direct process emissions, steel mills globally produce 1.78 Gt of off-gases each year, which are currently combusted for subsequent heat and electricity generation. However, these steel mill off-gases consist of high value compounds, which also can be utilized as feedstock for chemical production and thereby reduce fossil resource consumption and thus GHG emissions. In the present work, we determine climate-optimal utilization pathways for steel mill off-gases. We combine a nonlinear, disjunctive model of the steel mill off-gas separation system with a large-scale linear model of the chemical industry to perform environmental optimization. The results show that the climate-optimal utilization of steel mill off-gases depends on electricity’s carbon footprint: For the current electricity grid mix, methane, hydrogen, and synthesis gas are recovered as feedstocks for conventional chemical production and enable a methanol-based chemical industry. For low electricity footprints in the future, the separation of steel mill off-gases supports CO2-based production processes in the chemical industry, supplying up to 30% of the required CO2. By coupling the global steel and chemical industry, industrial GHG emissions can be reduced by up to 79 Mt CO2-equivalents per year. These reductions provide up to 4.5% additional GHG savings compared to a stand-alone optimization of the two industries, showing a limited potential for this industrial symbiosis.

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Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Shall We Do with Steel Mill Off-Gas: Polygeneration Systems Minimizing Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Kleinekorte

Leitl

Zibunas

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…The dynamic of the background and its humidity dependency is of crucial interest in order to distinguish possible memory effects and organic artifacts, for example, for the validation of feed gas purification in carbon capture and usage (CCU) applications exemplified by the Carbon2Chem ® project. 44,45 This project aims to utilize the process gases of a steel mill plant, coke oven gas, blast furnace gas, and basic oxygen furnace gas, for the production of chemicals like methanol or ammonia. A detailed analysis of the three steel mill gases is required, especially with respect to the trace compounds in these gases, to determine the necessary gas purification for their application and to prove the efficacy of the chosen gas purification to ensure a long lifetime of the catalysts applied in subsequent processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of trace compounds and artifacts in nitrogen background measurements by proton transfer reaction time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry under dry and humid conditions

et al. 2021

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A qualitative analysis was applied for the determination of trace compounds at the parts per trillion in volume (ppt v ) level in the mass spectra of nitrogen of different qualities (5.0 and 6.0) under dry and humid conditions. This qualitative analysis enabled the classification and discovery of hundreds of new ions (e.g., [S x ]H + species) and artifacts such as parasitic ions and memory effects and their differentiation from real gas impurities. With this analysis, the humidity dependency of all kind of ions in the mass spectrum was determined. Apart from the inorganic artifacts previously discovered, many new organic ions were assigned as instrumental artifacts and new isobaric interferences could be elucidated. From 1140 peaks found in the mass range m/z 0-800, only 660 could be analyzed due to sufficient intensity, from which 463 corresponded to compounds. The number of peaks in nitrogen proton transfer reaction (PTR) spectra was similarly dominated by nonmetallic oxygenated organic compounds (23.5%) and hydrocarbons (24.1%) Regarding only gas impurities, hydrocarbons were the main compound class (50.2%). The highest contribution to the total ion signal for unfiltered nitrogen under dry and humid conditions was from nonmetallic oxygenated compounds. Under dry conditions, nitrogen-containing compounds exhibit the second highest contribution of 89% and 96% for nitrogen 5.0 and 6.0, respectively, whereas under humid conditions, hydrocarbons become the second dominant group with 69% and 86% for nitrogen 5.0 and 6.0, respectively. With the gathered information, a database can be built as a tool for the elucidation of instrumental and intrinsic gas matrix artifacts in PTR mass spectra and, especially in cases, where dilution with inert gases plays a significant role. K E Y W O R D Sgas impurities, gas traces, industrial gases, proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry, volatile organic compounds

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Flexible and Scalable Decentralized Identity Management for Industrial Internet of Things

Bian,

Wang,

Jin

et al. 2024

IEEE Internet Things J.

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Carbon2Chem® – A Cross‐Industry Approach to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Cited by 3 publications

References 1 publication

What Shall We Do with Steel Mill Off-Gas: Polygeneration Systems Minimizing Greenhouse Gas Emissions

What Shall We Do with Steel Mill Off-Gas: Polygeneration Systems Minimizing Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Determination of trace compounds and artifacts in nitrogen background measurements by proton transfer reaction time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry under dry and humid conditions

Flexible and Scalable Decentralized Identity Management for Industrial Internet of Things

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