Carboxymethylation of corn starch and characterization using asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation coupled with multiangle light scattering

Production of carboxymethylated lignin and its application as a dispersant

“…% led to a decrease in the carboxylate group content [16]. In other reports, a higher SCA to lignin or starch molar ratio was claimed to lead to the production of sodium glycolate [1,41,42]. …”

Medium and high substituted carboxymethyl starch: Synthesis, characterization and application

“…TGA curves of native starch and CMS show usually a pattern of three‐step weight losses (Fig. 3) 2. The first one in a range of 60–120°C corresponds to the water evaporation 38.…”

“…The second and the third steps correspond to the decomposition of the starch material. Water is formed by inter‐ and intramolecular condensation of hydroxyl groups and is the main product of decomposition below about 300°C 2. Further heating up to 500°C results in carbonization and ash formation, CO 2 is evolved 50.…”

“…Addition of CMS increased the suspending power and the overall washing efficiency of soap due to increased solubility 2. CMS could be considered as thickening agent and surfactant for personal care 71.…”

“…The addition of bulky hydrophilic groups to polysaccharide chains resulted in reduced starch tendency to retrogradation (recrystallization), and cold water solubility. Moreover, it made the polymer less prone to damages caused by heat and microbial attack 2. Solubility of CMS in cold water increases along with degree of substitution (DS) value increase, and the properties such as: water absorption, adhesiveness and film forming characteristics are improved simultaneously 3.…”