Cardanol: toxicogenetic assessment and its effects when combined with cyclophosphamide

Abstract

Cardanol is an effective antioxidant and is a compound with antimutagenic and antitumoral activity. Here, we evaluated the genotoxic and mutagenic potential of saturated side chain cardanol and its effects in combination with cyclophosphamide in preventing DNA damage, apoptosis, and immunomodulation. Swiss mice were treated with cardanol (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg) alone or in combination with cyclophosphamide (100 mg/kg). The results showed that cardanol is an effective chemopreventive compound, with damage reduction percentages that ranged from 18.9 to 31.76% in the comet assay and from 45 to 97% in the micronucleus assay. Moreover, cardanol has the ability to reduce the frequency of apoptosis induced by cyclophosphamide. The compound did not show immunomodulatory activity. A final interpretation of the data showed that, despite its chemoprotective capacity, cardanol has a tendency to induce DNA damage. Hence, caution is needed if this compound is used as a chemopreventive agent. Also, this compound is likely not suitable as an adjuvant in chemotherapy treatments that use cyclophosphamide.

Effects of Moquiniastrum polymorphum ssp floccosum ethnolic extract on colorectal carcinogenesis induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine

“…Phagocytosis assays were performed according to the procedure described by Schneider et al (2016). In the twelfth week, after euthanasia, the spleens were collected, and 1/3 of the organ was macerated in saline to obtain a homogenous cell suspension by repeated aspiration with a Pasteur pipette.…”

A potent larvicidal agent against Aedes aegypti mosquito from cardanol

“…Emulsion formulation of CNSL has been used as a natural insecticide applied to ants, termites, and others (Craveiro 2001). Anacardic acid is described as antimicrobial (Kubo et al 1993, Reddy et al 2012), antitumor, antioxidant, gastro-protective (Hamad and Mubofu 2015, potential anticarcinogenic such as prostate cancer (Schneider et al 2016), besides it is used as starting material for building many other derivatives of pronounced biological activity (Jiang et al 2015). Cardanol has potential to prevent diseases transmitted by bacteria, fungi, and protozoa when is added in feed formulation to birds and pigs (Campmany 2007).…”

Moquiniastrum polymorphum subsp floccosum extract: screening for mutagenic and antimutagenic activity

“…The main protocols in studies of antimutagenic modes of action are pre-treatment and simultaneous treatment, which indicate both desmutagenesis and bioantimutagenesis activity; simultaneous treatment with preincubation, which indicates desmutagenesis activity; and post-treatment, which indicates bioantimutagenesis activity (Oliveira et al, 2006(Oliveira et al, , 2007. These protocols are frequently used in pre-clinical experiments (Fedel-Miyasato et al, 2014a,b;Cantero et al, 2015;Navarro et al, 2015;Oliveira et al, 2015;Magosso et al, 2016;Martello et al, 2016;Rocha et al, 2016;Schneider et al, 2016), and have been further adapted for the A. cepa assay (Fedel-Miyasato et al, 2014a;Felicidade et al, 2014a,b;Mauro et al, 2014;Nantes et al, 2014).…”