Cardiac dimensions determined by cross-sectional echocardiography in the normal human fetus from 18 weeks to term

Tan, Julie; Silverman, Norman H.; Hoffman, Julien I.E.; Villegas, Manuel; Schmidt, Klaus G.

doi:10.1016/0002-9149(92)90300-n

Cited by 186 publications

(169 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Left and right ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic diameters and wall thickness were measured from M-mode tracings or 2-dimensional images as previously described. 6,7 Measurements obtained in the fetal CM cases were compared with values obtained in 55 normal pregnancies. Left and right ventricular systolic function was evaluated by calculating the shortening fraction (SF).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fetal Cardiomyopathies

et al. 2002

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Background-Although the prenatal diagnosis of most fetal structural heart defects and dysrhythmias has been described, there is a paucity of information about cardiomyopathies (CMs) in prenatal life. Methods and Results--To determine the pathogenic mechanisms, hemodynamic findings, and outcome of fetal CM, we reviewed the fetal echocardiograms and perinatal histories of 55 affected fetuses. Dilated CM was diagnosed in 22 cases, including 2 with congenital infections, 5 familial cases, 6 with endocardial fibroelastosis related to maternal anti-Ro/La antibodies, and 9 idiopathic cases. Thirty-three had hypertrophic CM, 7 associated with maternal diabetes, 2 with Noonan's syndrome, 2 with ␣-thalassemia, 18 with twin-twin transfusion syndrome, 1 with familial hypertrophy, and 3 with idiopathic hypertrophy. Systolic dysfunction was present in all cases of dilated CM and 15 cases of hypertrophic CM. Diastolic dysfunction was present in 19 of 30 fetuses with assessment of diastolic function parameters. Significant mitral or tricuspid valve regurgitation was seen in 32 cases. Eight fetuses were hydropic and 23 had signs of early hydrops. Seven pregnancies were terminated. Of 46 continued pregnancies with follow-up, 29 (63%) died perinatally. The presence of systolic dysfunction, diastolic dysfunction, and significant atrioventricular valve regurgitation were identified as risk factors for mortality. By multiple logistic regression, diastolic dysfunction was associated with an 8-fold increased risk relative to the other parameters. Conclusions-Fetal CM has a broad spectrum of intrinsic and extrinsic causes. A poor outcome is observed in many affected fetuses. Diastolic dysfunction in fetal CM is associated with the highest risk of mortality. (Circulation. 2002; 106:585-591.)

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HCM was diagnosed when the ventricular wall thickness was Ͼ2 SD above the mean for gestational age compared with previously published normal data, with or without ventricular systolic or diastolic dysfunction. 7 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fetal Cardiomyopathies

et al. 2002

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“…Techniques of fetal cardiac imaging and measurements have been reported elsewhere [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] . All parameters measured were re-analyzed off-line by one of the authors (E.T.J).…”

Section: Ultrasound Recordingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fetal cardiac performance in uncomplicated and well‐controlled maternal type I diabetes

Jaeggi

Proulx

2001

Ultrasound in Obstet & Gyne

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“…The diameter of the ductus arteriosus was measured as described by Tan et al, 13 and the measurements were converted to z scores by use of data from normal fetuses. When there was an anatomic narrowing within the vessel, typically at the pulmonary end, the diameter was measured at the narrowest portion.…”

Section: Echocardiographic Examinations and Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal Features of Ductus Arteriosus Constriction and Restrictive Foramen Ovale in d-Transposition of the Great Arteries

et al. 1999

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Background-Although most neonates with d-transposition of the great arteries (TGA) have an uncomplicated preoperative course, some with a restrictive foramen ovale (FO), ductus arteriosus (DA) constriction, or pulmonary hypertension may be severely hypoxemic and even die shortly after birth. Our goal was to determine whether prenatal echocardiography can identify these high-risk fetuses with TGA. Methods and Results-We reviewed the prenatal and postnatal echocardiograms and outcomes of 16 fetuses with TGA/intact ventricular septum or small ventricular septal defect. Of the 16 fetuses, 6 prenatally had an abnormal FO (fixed position, flat, and/or redundant septum primum). Five of the 6 had restrictive FO at birth. Five fetuses had DA narrowing at the pulmonary artery end in utero, and 6 had a small DA (diameter z score of ϽϪ2.0). Of 4 fetuses with the most diminutive DA, 2 also had an abnormal appearance of the FO, and both died immediately after birth. One other fetus had persistent pulmonary hypertension. Eight fetuses had abnormal Doppler flow pattern in the DA (continuous high-velocity flow, nϭ1; retrograde diastolic flow, nϭ7). Conclusions-Abnormal

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Cardiac dimensions determined by cross-sectional echocardiography in the normal human fetus from 18 weeks to term

Cited by 186 publications

References 8 publications

Fetal Cardiomyopathies

Fetal Cardiomyopathies

Fetal cardiac performance in uncomplicated and well‐controlled maternal type I diabetes

Prenatal Features of Ductus Arteriosus Constriction and Restrictive Foramen Ovale in d-Transposition of the Great Arteries

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