Cardiac Form, Function and Physiology

Farrell, Anthony P.; Smith, Frank M.

doi:10.1016/bs.fp.2017.07.001

Cited by 72 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 314 publications

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“…It has been suggested that fish cardiac function is a primary determinant of tolerance to increasing temperature (Farrell, 2009;Wang & Overgaard, 2007 (Brodeur, Dixon, & McKinley, 2001;Farrell, 2009;Farrell & Smith, 2017;Keen & Gamperl, 2012;Sandblom & Axelsson, 2007). In the current study, Q doubled in rainbow trout and increased by~80% in white sturgeon when fish were exposed to an acute increase in water temperature from 12°C to 20°C.…”

Section: Blood Velocities During Ventricular Filling and Ejection Amentioning

confidence: 44%

“…In addition, of the possible mechanisms used to increase ventricular output (Q) when temperature rises acutely ( f H and S V ), several studies have demonstrated that fish almost exclusively increase f H (See Gamperl et al, for references). S V values apparently do not change or can even fall with increasing temperature (Brodeur, Dixon, & McKinley, ; Farrell, ; Farrell & Smith, ; Keen & Gamperl, ; Sandblom & Axelsson, ). In the current study, Q doubled in rainbow trout and increased by ~80% in white sturgeon when fish were exposed to an acute increase in water temperature from 12°C to 20°C.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, there is also abundant evidence that fish alter their cardiac output (Q) in response to changes in environmental conditions, and increased metabolic demands associated with the ingestion of food and/or with swimming exercise, in a manner that differs from mammals. Specifically, in fish, heart rate (f H ) is primarily increased in response to both rising environmental temperatures and digestion, whereas exercise and hypoxia generally involve changes in both f H and ventricular stroke volume (S v ; Claireaux et al, 2005;Farrell & Smith, 2017;Gamperl & Driedzic 2009;Gamperl & Farrell, 2004;Gamperl & Shiels, 2014). Conversely, mammals tend to increase Q largely via increased f H (Crossley, Burggren, Reiber, Altimiras, & Rodnick, 2016).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Echocardiography and electrocardiography reveal differences in cardiac hemodynamics, electrical characteristics, and thermal sensitivity between northern pike, rainbow trout, and white sturgeon

et al. 2019

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Doppler and B‐mode ultrasonography and electrocardiography (ECG) were used to determine cardiac hemodynamics and electrical characteristics in 12°C‐acclimated and metomidate‐anesthetized northern pike, rainbow trout and white sturgeon (7–9 per species) at 12°C and 20°C, and at a comparable heart rate (fH, ~60 beats/min). Despite similar relative ventricle masses and cardiac output (Q), interspecific differences were observed at 12°C in fH, ventricular filling and ejection, stroke volume, the duration ECG intervals, and cardiac valve cross‐sectional areas. Vis‐a‐fronte filling of the atrium due to ventricular contraction was observed in all species. However, biphasic ventricular filling (i.e., due to central venous pressure and then atrial contraction) was only observed in rainbow trout and white sturgeon. Changes in atrial and ventricular performance varied between the species as temperature increased from 12°C to 20°C. Rainbow trout had the highest thermal sensitivity for fH (Q10 = 3.73), which doubled Q, and the largest increase in transvalvular blood velocity during ventricular filling. Conversely, northern pike had the lowest Q10 for fH (1.58) and did not increase Q. At ~60 beats/min, the rainbow trout heart had the shortest period of electrical activity, which also resulted in the longest recovery period (TP interval) between successive beats. The QT interval at ~60 beats/min was also longer in the white sturgeon versus the other species. These results suggest that interspecific differences in fish cardiac hemodynamics may be related to cardiac morphology, the duration of electrical impulses through the heart, cardiac thermal sensitivity, and valve dimensions.

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Section: Blood Velocities During Ventricular Filling and Ejection Amentioning

confidence: 44%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Echocardiography and electrocardiography reveal differences in cardiac hemodynamics, electrical characteristics, and thermal sensitivity between northern pike, rainbow trout, and white sturgeon

et al. 2019

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“…The heartbeat in all fishes is set by cardiac pacemaker cells situated in the sino-atrial node (SAN), which are directly influenced by temperature (Haverinen & Vornanen, 2007;Randall, 1970;Farrell & Smith, 2017). Therefore, pacemaker mechanisms are central to the response of fish hearts and indeed the whole animal, to temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Membrane and calcium clock mechanisms contribute variably as a function of temperature to setting cardiac pacemaker rate in zebrafish Danio rerio

Marchant

Farrell

2019

Journal of Fish Biology

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Here, we show that heart rate in zebrafish Danio rerio is dependent upon two pacemaking mechanisms and it possesses a limited ability to reset the cardiac pacemaker with temperature acclimation. Electrocardiogram recordings, taken from individual, anaesthetised zebrafish that had been acclimated to 18, 23 or 28°C were used to follow the response of maximum heart rate (fHmax) to acute warming from 18°C until signs of cardiac failure appeared (up to c. 40°C). Because fHmax was similar across the acclimation groups at almost all equivalent test temperatures, warm acclimation was limited to one significant effect, the 23°C acclimated zebrafish had a significantly higher (21%) peak fHmax and reached a higher (3°C) test temperature than the 18°C acclimated zebrafish. Using zatebradine to block the membrane hyperpolarisation‐activated cyclic nucleotide–gated channels (HCN) and examine the contribution of the membrane clock mechanisms to cardiac pacemaking, f Hmax was significantly reduced (by at least 40%) at all acute test temperatures and significantly more so at most test temperatures for zebrafish acclimated to 28°C vs. 23°C. Thus, HCN channels and the membrane clock were not only important, but could be modified by thermal acclimation. Using a combination of ryanodine (to block sarcoplasmic calcium release) and thapsigargin (to block sarcoplasmic calcium reuptake) to examine the contribution of sarcoplasmic reticular handling of calcium and the calcium clock, f Hmax was again consistently reduced independent of the test temperature and acclimation temperature, but to a significantly lesser degree than zatebradine for zebrafish acclimated to both 28 and 18°C. Thus, the calcium clock mechanism plays an additional role in setting pacemaker activity that was independent of temperature. In conclusion, the zebrafish cardiac pacemaker has a limited temperature acclimation ability compared with known effects for other fishes and involves two pacemaking mechanisms, one of which was independent of temperature.

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“…An effective way to classify the fish ventricle was proposed by Tota et al (1983), and revised by Dur an et al (2015) and Farrell & Smith (2017). In this classification, the authors used the relationship between the myoarchitecture and the distribution of coronary vessels to group the ventricle into four main types.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heart structure in the Amazonian teleost Arapaima gigas (Osteoglossiformes, Arapaimidae)

et al. 2018

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The fish heart ventricle has varied morphology and may have a specific morpho-functional design in species adapted to extreme environmental conditions. In general, the Amazonian ichthyofauna undergoes constant variations in water temperature, pH and oxygen saturation, which makes these species useful for investigations of cardiac morphology. Arapaima gigas, a member of the ancient teleost group Osteoglossomorpha, is one of the largest freshwater fish in the world. This species has a specific heart metabolism that uses fat as the main fuel when O 2 supplies are abundant but also can change to glycogen fermentation when O 2 content is limiting. However, no information is available regarding its heart morphology. Here, we describe the heart of A. gigas, with emphasis on the ventricular anatomy and myoarchitecture. Specimens of A. gigas weighing between 0.3 and 4040 g were grouped into three developmental stages. The hearts were collected and the anatomy analyzed with a stereomicroscope, ultrastructure with a scanning electron microscope, and histology using toluidine blue, Masson's trichrome and Sirius red stains. The ventricle undergoes morphological changes throughout its development, from the initial saccular shape with a fully trabeculated myocardium and coronary vessel restricted to the subepicardium (Type I) (group 1) to a pyramidal shape with mixed myocardium and coronary vessels that penetrate only to the level of the compact layer (Type II) (groups 2 and 3). The trabeculated myocardium has a distinct net-like organization in all the specimens, differing from that described for other teleosts. This arrangement delimits lacunae with a similar shape and distribution, which seems to allow a more uniform blood distribution through this myocardial layer.

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Cardiac Form, Function and Physiology

Cited by 72 publications

References 314 publications

Echocardiography and electrocardiography reveal differences in cardiac hemodynamics, electrical characteristics, and thermal sensitivity between northern pike, rainbow trout, and white sturgeon

Echocardiography and electrocardiography reveal differences in cardiac hemodynamics, electrical characteristics, and thermal sensitivity between northern pike, rainbow trout, and white sturgeon

Membrane and calcium clock mechanisms contribute variably as a function of temperature to setting cardiac pacemaker rate in zebrafish Danio rerio

Heart structure in the Amazonian teleost Arapaima gigas (Osteoglossiformes, Arapaimidae)

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