Cardiac glycoside ouabain efficiently targets leukemic stem cell apoptotic machinery independent of cell differentiation status

Abstract

Background Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive hematologic malignancy characterized by an accumulation of immature leukemic myeloblasts initiating from leukemic stem cells (LSCs)—the subpopulation that is also considered the root cause of chemotherapy resistance. Repurposing cardiac glycosides to treat cancers has gained increasing attention and supporting evidence, but how cardiac glycosides effectively target LSCs, e.g., whether it involves cell differentiation, remains largely unexplored. Methods Digoxin, a user-designed digitoxigenin-α-L-rhamnoside (D6-MA), and ouabain were tested against various human AML-derived cells with different maturation phenotypes. Herein, we established two study models to specifically determine the effects of cardiac glycosides on LSC death and differentiation—one allowed change in dynamics of LSCs and leukemic progenitor cells (LPCs), while another maintained their undifferentiated status. Regulatory mechanisms underlying cardiac glycoside-induced cytotoxicity were investigated and linked to cell cycle distribution and apoptotic machinery. Results Primitive AML cells containing CD34+ LSCs/LPCs were very responsive to nanomolar concentrations of cardiac glycosides, with ouabain showing the greatest efficiency. Ouabain preferentially induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in LSCs, independent of its cell differentiation status, as evidenced by (i) the tremendous induction of apoptosis by ouabain in AML cells that acquired less than 15% differentiation and (ii) the higher rate of apoptosis in enriched LSCs than in LPCs. We sorted LSCs and LPCs according to their cell cycle distribution into G0/G1, S, and G2/M cells and revealed that G0/G1 cells in LSCs, which was its major subpopulation, were the top ouabain responders, indicating that the difference in ouabain sensitivity between LSCs and LPCs involved both distinct cell cycle distribution and intrinsic apoptosis regulatory mechanisms. Further, Mcl-1 and c-Myc, which were differentially expressed in LSCs and LPCs, were found to be the key apoptosis mediators that determined ouabain sensitivity in AML cells. Ouabain induces a more rapid loss of Mcl-1 and c-Myc in LSCs than in LPCs via the mechanisms that in part involve an inhibition of Mcl-1 protein synthesis and an induction of c-Myc degradation. Conclusions Our data provide new insight for repurposing cardiac glycosides for the treatment of relapsed/refractory AML through targeting LSCs via distinct cell cycle and apoptosis machinery.

Sensational site: the sodium pump ouabain-binding site and its ligands

“…In another study, treatment of cultured non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), cells with 2.5–40 pM ouabain suppressed several integrins, caused a “dramatic reduction of cell colony size” and inhibited cancer cell migration, perhaps an indication of an anti-metastatic effect ( 660 ). A third report described the ability of low nanomolar concentrations of ouabain to induce caspase-dependent apoptosis in leukemia stem cells although the LC 50 ranged upward from ∼33 nM to >125 nM ( 661 ). A fourth investigation indicated that the anti-cancer effects of 0.02–2 µM ouabain, and 2 µM oleandrin and digoxin, may be the result of decreased expression of the PM glucose transporter, GLUT1, that is upregulated in many cancers to support the enhanced glycolysis (Warburg effect) ( 662 ).…”