Cardiac Output and Arterial Hypertension

Gladstone, Sidney A.

doi:10.1097/00000441-193606000-00019

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Gladstone believed that the rebreathing technique augmented the circulation and thus gave rise to errors (9). The present study conclusively shows that there is no difference in oxygen content in the mixed venous blood during the short time of rehreathing as compared to that before rebreathing.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 72%

“…Using this method, a number of investigators have reported values of 5.5 to 6.5 liters per minute for the basal cardiac output, which correspond to 3.1 to 3.8 liters per minute per square meter of body surface area (3,(5)(6)(7)(8). These values are higher than those obtained earlier with the Grollman acetylene inhalation method or the Krogh-Lindhard nitrogen oxide method (3.9 liters per minute) (9)(10)(11)(12). The arteriovenous oxygen difference, determined according to the Fick method, has been found to be 40 to 45 cc.…”

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confidence: 59%

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A Comparison of the Direct Fick and the Grollman Methods for Determination of the Cardiac Output in Man

Werkö¹,

Berseus²,

Lagerlof³

1949

J. Clin. Invest.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 72%

contrasting

confidence: 59%

A Comparison of the Direct Fick and the Grollman Methods for Determination of the Cardiac Output in Man

Werkö¹,

Berseus²,

Lagerlof³

1949

J. Clin. Invest.

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“…The values obtained are given in Table 1 The additional oxygen uptake is much less in the horizontal position and shows no significant increase after 2 breaths, although in the sitting position there is a large increase in uptake in the 3-5 breath group, observations in which lie at the upper limit of the permissible duration, indeed, rather beyond this limit. (Gladstone, 1935) A major cause of this augmentation of flow into the pulmonary circulation is presumably the abnormal depression of intra-thoracic pressure during a large inspiration. Daly (1927) enclosed the heart and lungs of a heart-lung preparation in a box to which suction could be applied and found that deep respiratory movements could double the circulation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…of forced rebreathing the oxygen absorption was approximately twice the rate observed during the quiet breathing of the preceding metabolism test. A demonstration of this enhanced oxygen absorption was provided (Gladstone, 1935) by showing the alteration in a spirometer tracing of the resting respiratory level following a brief period of voluntary hyperpnoea. We have frequently repeated this demonstration, but have found the method unreliable for accurate quantitative work because of the tendency in many subjects of the resting respiratory level to become unstable following hyperpnoea.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of voluntary hyperpnoea on pulmonary blood flow

Armitage¹,

Arnott²

1949

The Journal of Physiology

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During the course of certain experiments on the mechanism of pulmonary ventilation during large breaths it was noted that the amount of oxygen absorbed was unexpectedly large. It was decided to investigate this phenomenon in detail. METHODSDeternuirations, as far as possible, were done in the early afternoon. The subject (G.H.A.) rested in the position in which the subsequent experiment was to be performed (i.e. either sitting upright or lying flat) for 10 min. The rate of oxygen uptake was then determined by spirometer or Douglas bag; and 5 min. later the experiment was performed. (In that interval, especial care was taken that the subject should refrain from activity calculated to alter the respiratory rhythm.)An experiment involved the collection of 1-S vital capacity breaths in a Douglas bag, previously rinsed with expired air. An end expiration sample of the last breath prior to collection was taken and a similar final sample taken at the end of the last collected expiration. The time between the specimens was recorded. A 101. Douglas bag was used where possible, otherwise one of standard size. The bag was fitted with a two-way tap-opened and closed by the subject between breathsconnected to a short wide mouthpiece. Although the manipulation of the tap between each breath involved the possibility of a slight loss of expired air, this was preferred to the risk of altering the results by using a valve with its inevitable slight resistance. The bag was sampled and emptied through a wet meter. Allowance has to be made for the higher oxygen contact of the alveolar air at the end of the large breaths; this accounts for a substantial proportion of the oxygen uptake during the time of the experiment.

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“…Much work has been done on this point, e.g. by Lundsgaard & Shierbeck [1923] and by Gladstone [1935 a], and it has been shown that the experiment can be so carried out that complete mixing is achieved. This, however, entails the taking of a minimum of deep and rapid breaths.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of the cardiac output in man

Cooke¹,

Priestley²

1937

The Journal of Physiology

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CHRISTIANSEN et al. [1914] described a method for determining the gas contents and gas pressures of the mixed venous blood entering the lungs and deduced the rate of blood flow through the lungs. (1) that the correction applied for the increase of oxygen consumption caused by the deep breathing during the experimental period was large and very variable, and (2) that the rate of blood flow through the lungs might be diminished appreciably during the period of measurement while the breath was held.Modifications of the foreign gas method have been used extensively, and the suitability of such gases as ethyl iodide, ethylene and acetylene has been investigated. The most successful of these methods has proved to be the acetylene method of Grollman [1929, 1932], which has been generally adopted. The results obtained by this method are very constant for a given individual under basal conditions, and have been found by Christensen [1931]

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Cardiac Output and Arterial Hypertension

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

A Comparison of the Direct Fick and the Grollman Methods for Determination of the Cardiac Output in Man

A Comparison of the Direct Fick and the Grollman Methods for Determination of the Cardiac Output in Man

Effect of voluntary hyperpnoea on pulmonary blood flow

Measurement of the cardiac output in man

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