Cardiac patches made of brown adipose-derived stem cell sheets and conductive electrospun nanofibers restore infarcted heart for ischemic myocardial infarction

Silk fibroin and hydroxypropyl cellulose composite injectable hydrogel-containing extracellular vesicles for myocardial infarction repair

“…Hindering the process of myocardial fibrillation by protecting heart function is the key to treating MI [5]. Extracellular vesicle (EVs) are membranous vesicles actively secreted by cells into biological fluids.…”

Photothermal-Ionic-Pharmacotherapy of Myocardial Infarction with Enhanced Angiogenesis and Antiapoptosis

“…7,8 In the past decade, stem cells had been used in the treatment of MI to induce angiogenesis through the paracrine mechanism; however, the cost of treatment was high. 9,10 Besides, delivering biological macromolecules such as vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGFA) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) or active molecules such as strontium (Sr) ions and nitric oxide (NO) can stimulate the production of new microvessels 11−14 but face the challenges such as easy inactivation and low efficiency. Thus, a new strategy that can promote angiogenesis through multiple mechanisms is highly desired.…”

“…Myocardial infarction (MI), occurring when the atherosclerotic plaque ruptures and a newly formed thrombus blocks the coronary artery, , can cause ischemic necrosis of the myocardial tissue downstream of the blockage site and demonstrates a high incidence and mortality worldwide. , Clinical methods including thrombolysis, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) can timely unclog the blood vessels and restore blood flow to reduce the infarct size. , Although a patient is temporarily out of danger after blood flow is restored, these methods do not promote heart repair, and the heart condition can gradually deteriorate until heart failure. Angiogenesis plays an important role in repairing the damaged heart. , In the past decade, stem cells had been used in the treatment of MI to induce angiogenesis through the paracrine mechanism; however, the cost of treatment was high. , Besides, delivering biological macromolecules such as vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGFA) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) or active molecules such as strontium (Sr) ions and nitric oxide (NO) can stimulate the production of new microvessels − but face the challenges such as easy inactivation and low efficiency. Thus, a new strategy that can promote angiogenesis through multiple mechanisms is highly desired.…”

Transplantation of stem cell spheroid-laden three-dimensional patches with bioadhesives for the treatment of myocardial infarction.

“…Furthermore, physical injury caused by the injection can cause secondary damage, bleeding, and myocardial perforation, leading to possible adverse cardiac events [5, 7, 14, 25, 31-34, 38, 42, 48]. As with other strategies, cell sheets and cardiac patches have been widely utilized owing to their improved cell-to-cell communication and more powerful paracrine effects, which improve prognosis compared to stem cell solution therapy [3,20,49,50]. Although these strategies can directly or indirectly deliver stem cells and their cytokines/growth factors to treat MI, suturing is essential to immobilize them onto the epicardial surface and induce secondary damage [9, 20, 35-37, 40, 41].…”