Cardio-Metabolic Disease and Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS): A Narrative Review

Sangaraju, Sai Lahari; Yepez, Daniela; Grandes, Xavier A; Manjunatha, Ramya Talanki; Habib, Salma

doi:10.7759/cureus.25076

Cited by 27 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex of cardiovascular disease and diabetes related risk factors, including hypertension, impaired fasting glucose, abdominal obesity and dyslipidemia (1)(2)(3). MetS is becoming a global problem that increasingly violates human health and quality of life, and the risk of its occurrence increases with age (4,5). In most developed countries, the prevalence of MetS in adults is about 20-30%, however in developing countries and regions, the prevalence of it is lower but nowadays is approaching or even surpassing that in developed countries (6).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between dietary inflammatory index and metabolic syndrome: Analysis of the NHANES 2005–2016

Zhang

Guo²,

Yao³

et al. 2022

Front. Nutr.

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ObjectiveMetabolic syndrome (MetS) is a global problem that increasingly violates human health and quality of life. We explored the relationship between dietary inflammatory potential represented by dietary inflammatory index (DII) and the occurrence of MetS to provid data support for the prevention of it through dietary structure intervention.MethodsThe data was come from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2018, including demographic, dietary, questionnaire variables and laboratory indicators. MetS was defined according to the criteria proposed by the American Endocrine Association (ACE) and the American Society of Clinical Endocrinology (ACCE). DII was calculated using the scoring method established by Shivappa. We divided DII scores into 4 quartiles, the chi-square test was used to compare the variable difference between DII quartiles groups. A logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between DII and MetS. We also performed subgroup analysis. A generalized linear regression model was used to explore the association of DII level and the levels of seven MetS related biochemical indicators.ResultsThe final sample size was 8,180, and the DII scores of the subjects were −5.50 to 5.22. The proportions of men, young people, non-Hispanic blacks, poor people, smokers, and MetS patients in the Q1–Q4 DII quantiles groups were gradually increased. The risk of MetS in the Q4 group which had highest dietary inflammatory degree was 1.592 (1.248, 2.030) times higher than that in the Q1 group, respectively (P < 0.001). After subgroup analysis, women, youth, non-smokers and alcohol drinkers were found to be more sensitive to the dietary inflammation. Then we found that the level of DII was significantly positively correlated with waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), triglyceride (TG), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), but negatively correlated with high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C).ConclusionsIn the research subjects, the degree of dietary inflammation was associated with the occurrence of MetS and significantly affected WC, BMI, blood pressure, and blood lipid levels. It is necessary to conduct investigations and early dietary interventions for women and young people to prevent the occurrence of chronic metabolic diseases.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between dietary inflammatory index and metabolic syndrome: Analysis of the NHANES 2005–2016

Zhang

Guo²,

Yao³

et al. 2022

Front. Nutr.

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“…VD has protective effects on the cardiovascular system and on chronic and autoimmune diseases, regulates the expression of genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism, and plays a key role in the reproductive system of women [ 6 , 45 , 83 ]. VD deficiency has been shown to be associated with many of the signs present in PCOS: ovulatory dysfunction, hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, diabetes and dyslipidemia, adiposity indices, and systemic proinflammatory environments [ 25 , 64 , 84 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PCOS is also associated with hyperinsulinemia, impaired glucose tolerance, and sometimes even type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) [ 4 ]. Factors such as insulin resistance (IR) dyslipidemia, endothelial connection, and systemic inflammation are other elements that add to this set of signs and symptoms and predispose patients to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease than women without PCOS [ 5 , 6 ]. Probably, the reduced insulin sensitivity leads to an inevitable compensatory hyperinsulinemia, and this contributes to the development of hyperandrogenism through a chronic stimulus directed toward the cells of the ovarian theca.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PCOS Physiopathology and Vitamin D Deficiency: Biological Insights and Perspectives for Treatment

Morgante

Darino

Spanò

et al. 2022

JCM

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Recent literature has stressed the importance of vitamin D (VD) in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Women with PCOS are deficient in VD, particularly those with a higher weight. Hypovitaminosis is a risk factor for glucose intolerance, and reduced levels of VD is associated with insulin resistance and increased diabetes risk. Since women with PCOS and hirsutism seem to have lower levels of VD than women with PCOS without hirsutism, a correlation between VD deficiency and hyperandrogenism may be suggested. Interestingly, VD is crucial for many human physiological functions, including to counteract inflammation and oxidative stress. Some studies evaluated effects of VD supplementation on glucose homeostasis variables, hormonal status, lipid concentrations, and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress among VD-deficient women. Moreover, VD has been shown to play a role in egg quality and fertility. This review aims to show the relationship between VD and the endocrine and metabolic profile of PCOS patients, as well as its implications for their fertility. The supplement of VD to the common therapy can lead to an improvement of the insulin resistance and lipid metabolism, a reduction of circulating androgens, as well as a better response to the induction of ovulation in PCOS women.

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“…Early onset adiposity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of PCOS and can be predictive of a more severe phenotype. It is also linked to the development of low-grade inflammation, greater cardiometabolic dysfunction and future risk of atherosclerosis [ 12 - 15 ]. Our data shows that as an indicator of visceral fat function, VAI correlates well with severity of menstrual dysfunction and ovarian dysmorphology, and seems to be predictive of impaired glucose tolerance, thus indicating propensity for development of diabetes in the future.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visceral Adiposity Index as an Indicator for Menstrual Disturbance, Hormonal and Metabolic Dysfunction in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

Sarkar¹,

Kaur²,

Gupta³

et al. 2022

Cureus

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Background: Increase in visceral adiposity is characteristic of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and is the main cause of insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism. This study tried to compare the visceral adiposity index (VAI) in PCOS women and control population, thereby exploring its correlation with ovarian morphology, hormonal and metabolic dysfunction.Materials and Methods: Reproductive-age women who fulfilled the Rotterdam criteria for PCOS constituted the cases. Control population consisted of the same number of non-PCOS women. History of menstrual irregularity and features of hyperandrogenism were noted. Overnight fasting serum hormonal profile on second day of the cycle, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and serum fasting insulin and lipid profile were obtained. Ultrasound evaluation was done simultaneously. Free androgen index (FAI), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and VAI were calculated.Results: Serum androgen levels and OGTT were greater in PCOS women. No significant difference was noted in serum fasting glucose, fasting insulin and lipid profile between cases and controls. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly higher among women with PCOS. Mean ovarian volume, antral follicle count, FAI and HOMA-IR were higher in PCOS women. VAI was significantly higher in cases compared to controls. VAI demonstrated a strong negative correlation with number of menstrual cycles per year. Increasing VAI was associated with longer menstrual cycles and correlated positively with greater severity of anovulation. VAI also showed highly significant correlation with fasting blood glucose and statistically significant moderately strong positive correlation with OGTT values at two hours post glucose challenge, systolic blood pressure and mean ovarian volume. There was no demonstrable correlation between androgen levels or HOMA-IR values.Conclusion: VAI is higher in women with PCOS. It correlates positively with features of disease severity and ovarian morphology. An assessment of VAI in PCOS women could be predictive of a greater propensity for development of classical metabolic risk factors.

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Cardio-Metabolic Disease and Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS): A Narrative Review

Cited by 27 publications

References 90 publications

Association between dietary inflammatory index and metabolic syndrome: Analysis of the NHANES 2005–2016

Association between dietary inflammatory index and metabolic syndrome: Analysis of the NHANES 2005–2016

PCOS Physiopathology and Vitamin D Deficiency: Biological Insights and Perspectives for Treatment

Visceral Adiposity Index as an Indicator for Menstrual Disturbance, Hormonal and Metabolic Dysfunction in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

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