“…Specifically, this study claims that implementing and using ICTs, such as a virtual learning environment (VLE), depends on franchise’s acceptance and e-learning systems’ elements. However, although research has analyzed the concept of VLE in different contexts, such as education (Chanmi Hwang and Song, 2023; Rieger and Risch, 2023) and health (Schott et al , 2023), empirical insights on franchising systems are almost completely absent. Although abundant research has been developed on the use of ICTs in franchising, it is observed that the contribution and challenges of specific ICTs for knowledge sharing remain unclear (Pandey et al , 2021; Chen et al , 2013) and underrepresented in empirical studies (Nguyen and Burgess, 2014; Bernal et al , 2020) missing enough normative information to guide franchising systems to decide about the more appropriate ICT to facilitate knowledge sharing.…”