Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism are disorders of the thyroid gland that cause numerous changes in the human body. The study aimed to review in the literature the current knowledge about the main aspects of the relationship Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism, as well as discussing symptoms, diagnostic methods and treatment of physiological disorders of the thyroid gland. Data were collected through consultations with journals and scientific articles in online databases, such as Scielo and CAPES Journal, in which the following descriptors were used: Physiological and Thyroid Disorders. Publications were considered between 2016 and 2020, in Portuguese or English. A vast literature on the subject was observed, indicating that these disorders promote disorders to the systems of the human body. Excessive or insufficient production of thyroid hormones can cause pathologies secondary to thyroid dysfunctions. Thus, medical follow-up is essential for the proper functioning of the thyroid gland, seeking to maintain homeostasis and successively, a better quality of life of the human organism.