Cardioprotective diet: prevalence, associations and prevention reserves

Abstract

Most traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) are diet dependent and are caused by an imbalanced nutrition. A healthy diet and individual eating habits have a significant protective effect against CVD.Aim. To study the prevalence of dietary habits with protective effects against CVD in the adult population.Material and methods. The analysis was performed using data of representative samples in 13 Russian regions of male and female population aged 25-64 years (n=19520; men — 7329, women — 12191). The response rate was about 80%. The diet was assessed by the frequency of consumption of certain foods. The cardioprotective diet included: daily consumption of vegetables and fruits, weekly — fish products, the use of only vegetable oils in cooking, and consumption of low-fat dairy. The presence of all 4 eating habits was considered Ideal Diet (ID), 1-3 habits — Intermediate Diet (ImD), none of listed habits — Bad Diet (BD).Results. The ImD was the most common — 85,8%. However, there were slight regional differences — from 80,1% in the Ivanovo Oblast to 91,0% in the Tyumen Oblast (p<0,001). The prevalence of ID was 7,0%; more common — among women (p<0,001), urban residents (p<0,001), people with higher education (p<0,001) and unemployed participants (p=0,016). It increases with age (p<0,001). The highest rate of ID was noted in St. Petersburg (13,8%) and Primorsky Krai (10,5%), the lowest — in the Volgograd (3,6%) and Tyumen Oblasts (3,5%), in the Republic of North Ossetia (3,4%). BD was more common in men (p<0,001), among people aged 25-34 years (p<0,001), less educated (p<0,001) and low-income (p<0,001) people. The prevalence of BD in the general population was 7,2% and varies from 3,1% in the Voronezh Oblast to 13,6% in the Volgograd Oblast. Individuals with hyperglycemia (50%), abdominal obesity (20%) and general obesity (18%), dyslipidemia (15%) and history of CVD (22%) were more likely to have ID. Persons with hyperglycemia (17%), abdominal obesity (13%), general obesity (11%), dyslipidemia (8%) and history of CVD (9%) were more likely to have ImD.Conclusion. A low prevalence of cardioprotective diet in the population was revealed. Only individual habits are widespread; however, a small part of Russians follow all cardioprotective habits.

Regional Living Conditions and Individual Dietary Characteristics of the Russian Population

“…The study established a high degree of correspondence of the a posteriori regional dietary pattern to the nationwide Russian pattern just in 7 out of 13 regions participating in the study [23]. Besides, regional differences in the a priori cardioprotective dietary pattern of healthy eating have been demonstrated [24].…”

“…For a priori assessment of nutrition, a cardioprotective dietary pattern (CPDP) was used, which included the presence of the following eating habits: daily consumption of vegetables and fruit, eating fish at least 1-2 times a week, the exclusive use of vegetable oils for cooking, and consumption of dairy products with reduced fat content. A detailed description of CPDP was presented elsewhere [24].…”

Regional Living Conditions and Individual Dietary Characteristics of the Russian Population

“…For the a priori assessment of nutrition, a cardioprotective dietary pattern (CPDP) was used that included the presence of the following four eating habits: daily consumption of vegetables and fruit, eating fish at least one to two times a week, exclusive use of vegetable oils for cooking, and consumption of dairy products with reduced fat content. A detailed description of the CPDP has been presented elsewhere [ 24 ]. Since the four-component CPDP had rather strict nutritional requirements and its prevalence in the general population was low (just 6.5% of the general population), the three-component CPDP was also considered for confirmatory analysis.…”

“…The study established a high degree of coincidence for the a posteriori regional dietary pattern and the nationwide Russian pattern in just 7 out of 13 participating regions [ 23 ]. In addition, regional differences in the a priori cardioprotective dietary pattern of healthy eating have been demonstrated [ 24 ]. These studies demonstrated that the traditional diet of the Russian population is fairly diverse.…”