Cardiorespiratory Response to Low-Intensity Walking in Water and on Land in Elderly Women.

Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether or not the exercise intensity of waterwalking for elderly women could be accurately prescribed by heart rate data obtained during treadmill exercise on land. Six healthy female volunteers, with a mean age of 62.2 ± 4.2 years, took part in this study. Walking on land was performed on a treadmill. Each subject completed three consecutive 4-minute walks at a progressively increasing velocity (40, 60 and 80 m·min -1 ), with a 1-minute rest after both the first and second walks. The room temperature and relative humidity were 24.5 ± 0.2°C and 54.8 ± 4.0%, respectively. Walking in water was performed in a Flowmill, which is a treadmill positioned at the base of a water flume. Each subject completed three consecutive 4-minute walks at a progressively increasing belt and water-flow velocity (20, 30 and 40 m·min -1 ), with a 1-minute rest after both the first and second walks. The water depth was at the level of the xiphoid process of each subject. The water temperature was 30.7 ± 0.1°C. The exercise intensity at the highest workrate was equivalent to 44.2 ± 10.3% of the heart rate reserve (HRR) during water-walking and 38.4 ± 4.7% of the HRR during land-walking. There was a highly significant linear relationship between heart rate (HR) and oxygen uptake (V • O 2 ) during both water-walking and land-walking. The relationship between HR and V • O 2 in both exercise modes was similar. Thus, the relationship of HR to V• O 2 derived from a treadmill-graded walking test on land may be used to prescribe exercise intensity for waterwalking in thermoneutral water.

The Effect of Water Depth on Energy Expenditure and Perception of Effort in Female Subjects While Walking

“…Previous research utilizing the Flowmill has reported walking intensities up to 3.0 kph, similar to one of the speeds (3.22 kph) used in the current study. The average VO 2 of 9.73 ml/kg/min in this study is dramatically lower than what was reported by Shono et al (2000) and Shono, Fujishima, Hotta, Ogaki & Masumoto (2001) of ∼18 ml/kg/min. Interestingly, at 60% of that walking speed (1.8 kph) in the Flowmill of their study, VO 2 was very comparable (8.75-9.12 vs. 8.72 ml/kg/ min) with the land condition in this study, supporting the contention of Migita et al (1996) that the Flowmill places a significantly greater metabolic demand than land or water walking on a treadmill without a water current.…”

“…The majority of studies, utilizing the ATM or Flowmill devices investigating the cardiorespiratory effects of water walking, have selected the xiphoid level (Fujishima & Shimizu, 2003;Hall et al, 1998;Hall, Grant, Blake, Taylor, & Garbutt, 2004;Masumoto, Shono, Hotta, & Fujishima, 2008;Masumoto et al, 2009;Shono et al, 2000;Shono, Fujishima, Hotta, Ogaki, & Masumoto, 2001;Shono, Fujishima, Hotta, Ogaki, & Ueda, 2001;Shono et al, 2007). Perhaps this depth is considered by investigators and rehabilitation specialists to be a water depth that "balances" the buoyancy effect of water, reducing the stress on lower extremity joints with the added EE required due to drag forces associated with moving in water.…”

“…Although numerous studies have evaluated the metabolic and cardiorespiratory responses during ATM walking in still water (Gleim & Nicholas, 1989;Hall, Macdonald, Maddison, & O'Hare, 1998;Pohl & McNaughton, 2003) or with a water flume (Hotta, Muraoka et al, 1993;Hotta, Ogaki, Kanaya, & Hagiwara, 1993;Hotta, Ogaki, Kanaya, Fujishima, & Hagiwara, 1994;Hotta, Ogaki, Kanaya & Fujishima 1995;Migita et al, 1994;Migita, Hotta, Ogaki, Kanaya, Fujishima, & Masuda 1996;Shimizu, Kosaka, & Fujishima, 1998;Shono et al, 2000;Shono, Fujishima, Hotta, Ogaki, & Masumoto, 2001;Shono, Fujishima, Hotta, Ogaki, & Ueda, 2001), only two have evaluated the effect of manipulating water depth (Gleim & Nicholas, 1989;Pohl & McNaughton, 2003). Gleim and Nicholas (1989) contrasted walking rapidly at 6.44 kph in water depths of ankle, patella, midthigh, and umbilicus.…”

Caminhada em ambiente aquático e terrestre: revisão de literatura sobre a comparação das respostas neuromusculares e cardiorrespiratórias

“…As respostas cardiorrespiratórias durante a caminhada em piscina rasa estão bem descritas na literatura (25,(35)(36)(37)(38) . Tais respostas normalmente são investigadas durante o exercício executado com velocidade fixa e deslocamento reduzido (esteira).…”

Brief Review of Beneficial Properties of Aquatic Exercise

“…There is some well-established physiological responses to exercise in water such as reduced impact on joints decrease impact on joints [2], There is a growing understanding of the physiological responses to exercise in water compared to land based exercise such as changes in blood flow and water temperature [3][4][5]. An increase in Range of motion [6], and heart rate response due to immersion [7]. Reduced delayed onset muscle soreness post exercise [8].…”