Cardiotoxic Actions of Doxepin and Barium Chloride in Conscious Rabbits

Mattila, Mikko; Ányos, K.; Puisto, E L

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-71248-7_26

Cited by 7 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Barium at the concentration of 300 ppm affected the development of population whereas the concentration of 3600 ppm caused mortality (Lira et al, 2011). Barium chloride (BaCl 2 ) caused severe ventricular dysrhythmias in conscious rabbits (Mattila et al, 1986). Lethal effects of barite (BaSO 4 ) were also observed in bivalves where introduction of BaSO 4 caused 100% mortality (Strachan and Kingston, 2012).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Barium Carbonate Toxicity on the Developmental Stages of Sarcophaga ruficornis (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)

Singh¹,

Singh²,

Kaur³

et al. 2017

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Barium Carbonate Toxicity on the Developmental Stages of Sarcophaga ruficornis (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)

Singh¹,

Singh²,

Kaur³

et al. 2017

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci

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“…First, high-dose BaCl 2 injection, with a two-fold increase in dosage, resulted in 50% of the mice dying within 1 day after injection. Since BaCl 2 is a known arrhythmogenic agent acting as potassium channel blocker with an LD50 of 19.2 mg Ba 2+ /kg in ICR mice, 18,24) 100 μL of 1.2% BaCl 2 corresponds to 31.8 mg Ba 2+ /kg, which might have been enough to cause fatal arrhythmia. Moreover, in standard experiments of BaCl 2 -induced muscle injury using 50 μL of a 1.2% BaCl 2 solution (15.9 mg Ba 2+ /kg), mice may suffer cardiac arrhythmias which may cause alterations in systemic physiology compared to that in uninjected control mice, although these arrhythmias may not lead to mortality.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systemic and Local Phenotypes of Barium Chloride Induced Skeletal Muscle Injury in Mice

Jung

Choi

et al. 2019

Ann Geriatr Med Res

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Skeletal muscle regeneration in mice has traditionally been studied using local freeze burn or snake venom injection models. More recently, a barium chloride (BaCl 2 )-induced muscle injury model has been established and is gaining popularity due to the relatively simple procedure and accessibility to required reagents. Here we sought to characterize the local and systemic effects of BaCl 2 -induced muscle injury. For this study, a 1.2% BaCl 2 solution was locally administered to the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle and local and systemic phenotypes were analyzed at different timepoints. When 50 μL of the solution was injected unilaterally in the TA muscle, no mortality was observed. However, when 100 μL of the solution was injected, 50% of the mice died within 24 h. Serum analysis of the mice injected with 50 μL of BaCl 2 solution at days 1 and 7 revealed changes resembling rhabdomyolysis. At day 1 post-injection of 50 μL of the BaCl 2 solution, acute suppurative inflammation was observed in gross examination of the TA muscle, while extensive hemorrhagic necrosis was revealed on histological examination. At day 7, regenerated myofibers with centralized nuclei appeared with the resolution of acute inflammatory infiltration and the muscle tissue displayed molecular signatures consistent with myofiber differentiation. The overall muscle injury and regeneration phenotypes in the BaCl 2 -induced muscle injury model were similar to those of the well-established freeze burn or snake venom injection models. Taken together, the BaCl 2 -induced muscle injury model is comparable to conventional muscle injury and regeneration models, with considerations for possible systemic effects.

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Calcium, Strontium, Barium, and Radium

Krishnan

2023

Patty's Toxicology

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Calcium, strontium, barium, and radium are alkaline‐earth metals of which calcium is an essential element. The adverse effects associated with excessive calcium intake are kidney stone formation, hypercalcemia, and renal insufficiency. The toxicological effects of calcium are generally associated with sustained increases in its intracellular concentration. Strontium, widely found in association with calcium, causes skeletal toxicity by competing with calcium for binding to form hydroxyapatite crystals. Barium, the heaviest of the stable alkaline earth metals of Group IIA of the periodic table, is a chemical antagonist to potassium. Barium toxicity is mediated by through substitution for calcium, in addition to being a physiological antagonist to potassium ions. Kidney is the primary target organ for barium toxicity in rodents, while cardiovascular effects such as hypertension are the primary effect in humans. Finally, radium, a radioactive element, is an analogue of barium and calcium. Sarcomas of the bone and carcinomas of the paranasal sinuses and mastoid air cells have been associated with radium exposure. This chapter also summarizes the available environmental and workplace guideline values for these alkaline earth metals.

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Cardiotoxic Actions of Doxepin and Barium Chloride in Conscious Rabbits

Cited by 7 publications

References 5 publications

Assessment of Barium Carbonate Toxicity on the Developmental Stages of Sarcophaga ruficornis (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)

Assessment of Barium Carbonate Toxicity on the Developmental Stages of Sarcophaga ruficornis (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)

Systemic and Local Phenotypes of Barium Chloride Induced Skeletal Muscle Injury in Mice

Calcium, Strontium, Barium, and Radium

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