Cardiovascular drift in trained paraplegic and able-bodied individuals during prolonged wheelchair exercise: effect of fluid replacement

Abstract

The progressive heart rate (HR) increase and stroke volume (SV) decline during prolonged constant-load leg exercise signifies cardiovascular drift (CVdrift); fluid replacement is known to minimize this phenomenon. Like their able-bodied counterparts (AB), paraplegic athletes undergo prolonged exercise during training and competition, which could result in CVdrift. The aim of this study is to address the role of rehydration on preventing CVdrift in spinal cord injured (SCI) paraplegic athletes. Eight SCI athletes with an injury level between C7 and T6 and 9 AB subjects performed 60-min constant-load exercise on a wheelchair ergometer in a thermo-neutral environment. No fluid was taken in 1 trial, whereas 85% of sweat losses were replaced by drinking water in another trial. Cardic output (CO), SV, HR, and oral temperature (Tor) were determined during exercise. Prolonged exercise resulted in similar HR (18 beats·min(-1) for AB and 12 beats·min(-1) for SCI) and Tor (0.63 °C for AB and 0.71 °C for SCI) elevation and SV decline (-8.5 mL·beat(-1) for AB and -5.5 mL·beat(-1) for SCI), whereas CO remained unchanged. Water intake restrained the exercise-induced hyperthermia and resulted in smaller SV decline (-4.0 mL for AB and -3.0 mL for SCI, p < 0.01). In conclusion, CVdrift was similar in SCI and AB subjects during prolonged wheelchair exercise. Likewise, the beneficial effects of hydration in both groups were analogous.

Interaction between Cardiac Functional Indices during Incremental Exercise Test Reveals the Peculiarities of Adaptation to Exercising

“…A cardiac-output increase induced by a physical load is conditioned by an increase in the heart rate and in the stroke volume [18]. Therefore, stroke volume is an essential structural component of cardiac output.…”

Impacto Da Reposição Hídrica Com Água De Coco Sobre O Estado De Hidratação E Cardiovascular Drift Durante O Exercício

“…Zacharakis et al 37 , observaram uma redução significativa da MC e aumento da FC em grupos de indivíduos, com e sem lesão na coluna vertebral, que foram submetidos a exercício em condições termoneutras, em cadeira de rodas, sem reposição de líquidos. O cardiovascular drift é um produto da função cardiovascular gerado por desidratação 2 .…”

Exercise Core Body Temperature is Adequately Regulated Following Spinal Cord Injury: A Meta-Analysis

“…After these screening processes, thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria but one study was later excluded due to insufficient duration and environment to test the thermoregulatory capabilities. As a result, a total of twelve studies were included in this meta-analysis (Boot, Binkhorst, & Hopman, 2006;Castellani et al, 2001;Dawson, Bridle, & Lockwood, 1994;Fitzgerald, Sedlock, & Knowlton, 1990;Goosey-Tolfrey, Swainson, Boyd, Atkinson, & Tolfrey, 2008;Griggs, Havenith, Price, Mason, & Goosey-Tolfrey, 2017;Price & Campbell, 1997, 1999Theisen, Vanlandewijck, Sturbois, & Francaux, 2001;Trbovich, Ortega, Schroeder, & Fredrickson, 2014;Veltmeijer, Pluim, Thijssen, Hopman, & Eijsvogels, 2014;Zacharakis, Kounalakis, Nassis, & Geladas, 2013). A flow diagram of the screening process is presented in Figure 1.…”

“…Effect size in this meta-analysis was calculated as the raw mean difference of core body temperature during exercise between persons with and without SCI. Among the included studies, two studies reported final measurement (cessation of exercise) core body temperature (Boot et al, 2006;Castellani et al, 2001); four studies reported change-from-baseline core body temperature (Dawson et al, 1994;Fitzgerald et al, 1990;Theisen et al, 2001;Zacharakis et al, 2013); three studies reported both final measurement and change-from-baseline core body temperature (Goosey-Tolfrey et al, 2008;Griggs et al, 2017;Trbovich et al, 2014); and three studies reported change-from-baseline core body temperature directly and presented figures of core body temperature responses, allowing indirect data extraction of final measurement core body temperature and correlation coefficients of change-from-baseline core body temperature to be calculated (see below) (Price & Campbell, 1997, 1999Veltmeijer et al, 2014). Considering baseline core body temperatures showed difference between experimental groups, the calculation of raw mean difference in this meta-analysis was based on change-from-baseline, when both final measurement and change-from-baseline data are available.…”

“…Correlation coefficients of change-from-baseline standard deviations were computed (Fu et al, 2013) for included studies in the meta-analysis and the results are inconsistent: mean 0.2978, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.0384 to 0.5572 (range: -1 to 0.98). Correlations of three studies (Fitzgerald et al, 1990;Theisen et al, 2001;Zacharakis et al, 2013) cannot be calculated by retrospective method and therefore these values were imputed based on the mean correlation (0.2978) in the meta-analysis.…”