Cardiovascular responses of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) during rapid anaesthetic induction and recovery

Hill, Jonathan; Forster, Malcolm E.

doi:10.1016/j.cca.2004.01.002

Cited by 48 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…A combination of these factors could decrease mean central filling pressure (vis a tergo mechanisms) and possibly alter ventricle filling dynamics. Further, Hill and Forster (2004) showed that the combination of MS-222 anesthesia and netting (similar to our protocol) resulted in a transient increase in HR and cardiac output, and a sustained increase in SV. They suggest, however, that myocardial power output is not compromised by MS-222 anesthesia.…”

Section: General Hemodynamics and Electromechanical Timingmentioning

confidence: 81%

Cardiac hemodynamics of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using simultaneous Doppler echocardiography and electrocardiography

Cotter

Han

Everson³

et al. 2008

J. Exp. Zool.

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Using Doppler echocardiography and electrocardiography, we characterized cardiac hemodynamics, timing, and electromechanical function, and examined the effects of ventricular hypertrophy on systolic function in anesthetized rainbow trout. Atrial filling (D(SA)), ventricular filling (D(AV)), and ventricular ejection (D(VB)) accounted for 40-77, 13-27, and 22-41% of the cardiac cycle, respectively. Ventricular ejection occurred entirely during atrial filling and ended by the time the QT interval was 80% (SD=9%) completed. Sinoatrial (SA) flow was of longer duration (0.53+/-0.08 sec, mean+/-SD) and lower velocity (32+/-8 cm sec(-1)) than corresponding atrioventricular (AV, 0.19+/-0.02 sec; 87+/-8 cm sec(-1)) and ventriculobulbar (VB, 0.30+/-0.05 sec; 63+/-20 cm sec(-1)) values. Despite a wide range of heart masses, atrioventricular and VB valve dimensions were identical ( approximately 5.5 mm(2)). Ventricle mass (M(V)), but not relative ventricle mass (RVM), and cardiac cycle length were positively correlated (r(2)=0.57, P<0.001); thus, all time-dependent electrical/mechanical measures of cardiac function were significantly related to M(V), but not RVM. All rate-corrected (c) electromechanical event durations (except cD(SA)) and the systolic function index (cPEP (pre-ejection period)/D(VB)) were independent of RVM, suggesting the maintenance of cardiac functional capabilities across maturation stages (males) and different ventricle sizes (males and females). In summary, we define fundamental electrical and mechanical properties of the in vivo teleost myocardium under anesthesia, and report the maintenance of systolic function over a wide range of heart sizes for both sexes and maturation state of males. We also suggest that the short duration of ventricular emptying relative to the QT interval may provide a novel mechanism to adjust stroke volume and cardiac output in teleosts.

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Section: General Hemodynamics and Electromechanical Timingmentioning

confidence: 81%

Cardiac hemodynamics of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using simultaneous Doppler echocardiography and electrocardiography

Cotter

Han

Everson³

et al. 2008

J. Exp. Zool.

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“…However, a number of reports indicate cortisol release in spite of metomidate treatment Zahl et al 2010). Other adverse effects of metomidate in fish are related to depressant effects on respiration and circulation that subsequently lead to hypoxaemia, observed as a decrease in partial pressure of O 2 , elevated partial pressure of CO 2 and reduced pH of the blood (Hill and Forster 2004;Hill et al 2002;Iwama et al 1989). …”

Section: Metomidatementioning

confidence: 97%

“…The initial response to these agents is characterised by a period of raised heart 204 Fish Physiol Biochem (2012) 38:201-218 rate and respiration accompanied by elevated levels of blood glucose, followed by a depression of cardiovascular and respiratory function that eventually may come to a complete stop (Hill et al 2002;Houston et al 1971a;Lochowitz et al 1974;Randall 1962;Ryan 1992). This results in hypoxaemia, observed as changes in the partial pressure of arterial O 2 and CO 2 , accompanied by lower blood glucose levels and increased levels of lactate, hematocrit and haemoglobin, and erythrocyte swelling (Bourne 1984;Hill and Forster 2004;Holloway et al 2004;Houston et al 1971b;Iwama et al 1989;Ortuno et al 2002;Ryan 1992;Soivio et al 1977;Thomas and Robertson 1991;Velisek et al 2009). Elevated plasma catecholamine levels have also been observed (Gingerich and Drottar 1989;Iwama et al 1989;Wedemeyer 1970) Benzocaine has also been found to have immunodepressant effects (Cuesta et al 2004;Ortuno et al 2002).…”

Section: Metacaine and Benzocainementioning

confidence: 97%

Anaesthesia of farmed fish: implications for welfare

Zahl

Samuelsen

Kiessling

2011

Fish Physiol Biochem

269

188

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During their life cycle as farmed animals, there are several situations in which fish are subjected to handling and confinement. Netting, weighing, sorting, vaccination, transport and, at the end, slaughter are frequent events under farming conditions. As research subjects, fish may also undergo surgical procedures that range from tagging, sampling and small incisions to invasive procedures. In these situations, treatment with anaesthetic agents may be necessary in order to ensure the welfare of the fish. The main objective of this paper is to review our knowledge of the effects of anaesthetic agents in farmed fish and their possible implications for welfare. As wide variations in response to anaesthesia have been observed both between and within species, special attention has been paid to the importance of secondary factors such as body weight, water temperature and acute stress. In this review, we have limited ourselves to the anaesthetic agents such as benzocaine, metacaine (MS-222), metomidate hydrochloride, isoeugenol, 2-phenoxyethanol and quinaldine. Anaesthetic protocols of fish usually refer to one single agent, whereas protocols of human and veterinary medicine cover combinations of several drugs, each contributing to the effects needed in the anaesthesia. As stress prior to anaesthesia may result in abnormal reactions, pre-anaesthetic sedation is regularly used in order to reduce or avoid stress and is an integral part of the veterinary protocols of higher vertebrates. Furthermore, the anaesthetic agents that are used in order to obtain general anaesthesia are combined with analgesic agents that target nociception. The increased use of such combinations in fish is therefore included as a special section. Anaesthetic agents are widely used to avoid stress during various farming procedures. While several studies report that anaesthetics are effective in reducing the stress associated with confinement and handling, there are indications that anaesthesia may in itself induce a stress response, measured by elevated levels of cortisol. MS-222 has been reported to elicit high cortisol release rates immediately following exposure, while benzocaine causes a bimodal response. Metomidate has an inhibitory effect on cortisol in fish and seems to induce the lowest release of cortisol of the agents reported in the literature. Compared to what is observed following severe stressors such as handling and confinement, the amount of cortisol released in response to anaesthesia appears to be low but may represent an extra load under otherwise stressful circumstances. Furthermore, anaesthetics may cause secondary adverse reactions such as acidosis and osmotic stress due to respiratory arrest and insufficient exchange of gas and ions between the blood and the water. All in all, anaesthetics may reduce stress and thereby improve welfare but can also have unwanted side effects that reduce the welfare of the fish and should therefore always be used with caution. Finally, on the basis of the data reported in the literature and o...

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“…On the other hand, Hill and Forster (15) found that metomidate caused deeper hypoxemia than tricaine, which implies possible compensatory hematological changes. The results obtained by Readman et al (4) indicated that tricaine induced aversive behavioral responses in fish, while no such reaction was observed in fish treated with etomidate.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%