Cardiovascular Risk Assessed by Reynolds Risk Score in Relation to Waist Circumference in Apparently Healthy Middle-Aged Population in Montenegro

Abstract

SUMMARY – Reynolds Risk Score (RRS) is regarded as a good screening tool for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Since CVD is the leading cause of death in Montenegro, we aimed to assess the risk of CVD as assessed by RRS and to examine its association with cardiometabolic parameters in apparently healthy middle-aged population. In addition, we aimed to test whether obesity had an independent influence on RRS. A total of 132 participants (mean age 56.2±6.73 years, 69% females) were included. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), blood pressure (BP) and biochemical parameters (fasting glucose, insulin, lipid parameters, creatinine and high sensitivity C-reactive protein) were determined. Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were calculated. Compared with females, a significantly higher number of males were in the high RRS subgroup (χ 2 =45.9, p<0.001). Furthermore, significantly higher fasting glucose (p=0.030), insulin, HOMA-IR, triglycerides (p<0.001 all), anthropometric parameters (e.g., BMI and WC; p=0.004 and p<0.001, respectively), and creatinine, but lower eGFR and HDL-c (p<0.001 both) were recorded in the high-risk subgroup compared with low and medium risk subgroups. In all participants, in addition to LDL-c, diastolic BP and creatinine, WC was independently positively associated with RRS (β=0.194, p=0.006; β=0.286, p=0.001; β=0.267, p=0.001; and β=0.305, p=0.019, respectively), and 40% of variation in RRS could be explained with this model. In conclusion, middle-aged population with higher WC should be screened for RRS in order to estimate CVD risk.

Metabolic Syndrome in an Aging Society – Role of Oxidant-Antioxidant Imbalance and Inflammation Markers in Disentangling Atherosclerosis

“…1 The severity of atherosclerosisvaries considerably from asymptomatic to life-threatening organ dysfunction. [2][3][4][5] One of the fundamental elements for establishing prevention, treatment and prognosis of atherosclerotic disease is the assessment of clinical forms of the disease. [6][7][8][9][10] Diabetes mellitus, lipid disorders and/or ischemic heart disease are the clinical exponents of atherosclerosis.…”

Association of rs699947 (−2578 C/A) and rs2010963 (−634 G/C) Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of the VEGF Gene, VEGF-A and Leptin Serum Level, and Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Excess Body Mass: A Case–Control Study

“…Comparing groups A and B for anthropometric, functional, and biochemical parameters, it was clear that those patients with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m 2 had significantly higher cardiovascular risk levels than the control group. This higher cardiovascular risk can be seen in the first instance in the higher values of BMI, WC [32], SBP, and DBP [33]. The higher serum concentrations of TCH [34], TG [32], Creat [32], ALT [35], and UA [36], as well as the lower serum levels of HDL [32] and eGFR [32] in this group, also point to an unfavorable cardiometabolic profile.…”

“…This higher cardiovascular risk can be seen in the first instance in the higher values of BMI, WC [32], SBP, and DBP [33]. The higher serum concentrations of TCH [34], TG [32], Creat [32], ALT [35], and UA [36], as well as the lower serum levels of HDL [32] and eGFR [32] in this group, also point to an unfavorable cardiometabolic profile. Finally, group A presented significant endothelial dysfunction, shown mainly by the elevated level of SI and the lower level of PPT [37,38], but also by higher serum concentration of UA and TCH [39].…”

Assessing mortality risk in Type 2 Diabetes patients with prolonged ASCVD risk factors: the inclusive Poh-Ai predictive scoring system with CAC Score integration

“…This is the primary focus of our study. The mentioned scores, such as the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) risk engine [ 30 ], SCORE2-Diabetes Working Group [ 31 ], European Society of Cardiology (ESC) [ 32 ], Australian Type 2 Diabetes Risk Assessment Tool (AUSDRISK) [ 33 ], German Diabetes Risk Score [ 34 ], Framingham score [ 35 ], ASCVD Risk Score Plus [ 36 ], QRISK [ 37 ], Reynolds [ 38 ], and Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) Risk Core [ 39 ], do not utilize CT-based CAC scores. Moreover, most of these scores primarily predict cardiovascular risk, which differs from our primary goal.…”