Cardiovascular Risks Associated with Gender and Aging

Rodgers, Jennifer L.; Jones, Jarrod; Bolleddu, Samuel Ignatious; Vanthenapalli, Sahit; Rodgers, Lydia E.; Shah, Kinjal; Karia, Krishna; Panguluri, Siva K.

doi:10.3390/jcdd6020019

Cited by 632 publications

(524 citation statements)

References 150 publications

(246 reference statements)

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“…Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory and multifactorial disease affecting the cardiovascular system and one of the leading causes of mortality in industrialized countries. Smoking, unhealthy diet, aging population, lack of physical activity, arterial hypertension, and diabetes promote atherosclerosis and possibly cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction or stroke (1,2). The early steps of atherosclerosis are characterized by the adhesion of blood leukocytes to the endothelial monolayer, the migration of the bound leukocytes into the intima, the maturation of monocytes into macrophages, and the subsequent enhanced uptake of lipids leading to their transformation into foam cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Altered Tregs Differentiation and Impaired Autophagy Correlate to Atherosclerotic Disease

et al. 2020

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Atherosclerosis is a progressive vascular disease representing the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries. Formerly, atherosclerosis was considered as a mere passive accumulation of lipids in blood vessels. However, it is now clear that atherosclerosis is a complex and multifactorial disease, in which the involvement of immune cells and inflammation play a key role. A variety of studies have shown that autophagy-a cellular catalytic mechanism able to remove injured cytoplasmic components in response to cellular stress-may be proatherogenic. So far, in this context, its role has been investigated in smooth muscle cells, macrophages, and endothelial cells, while the function of this catabolic protective process in lymphocyte functionality has been overlooked. The few studies carried out so far, however, suggested that autophagy modulation in lymphocyte subsets may be functionally related to plaque formation and development. Therefore, in this research, we aimed at better clarifying the role of lymphocyte subsets, mainly regulatory T cells (Tregs), in human atherosclerotic plaques and in animal models of atherosclerosis investigating the contribution of autophagy on immune cell homeostasis. Here, we investigate basal autophagy in a mouse model of atherosclerosis, apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-knockout (KO) mice, and we analyze the role of autophagy in driving Tregs polarization. We observed defective maturation of Tregs from ApoE-KO mice in response to tumor growth factor-β (TGFβ). TGFβ is a well-known autophagy inducer, and Tregs maturation defects in ApoE-KO mice seem to be related to autophagy impairment. In this work, we propose that autophagy underlies Tregs maturation, advocating that the study of this process in atherosclerosis may open new therapeutic strategies.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Altered Tregs Differentiation and Impaired Autophagy Correlate to Atherosclerotic Disease

et al. 2020

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“…These results are similar to those reported in Peruvian older adults patients (40) and are also similar in that women are the ones with the highest probability of HTGW according to biological markers in the present study. These data suggest greater metabolic and cardiovascular complications (41).. The study of inequalities in body mass index and smoking behavior in 70 countries highlights a global trend towards a higher chronic disease risk burden among people with a lower socioeconomic status as countries become more urban(3).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence And Factors Associated With Hypertriglyceridemic Waist In Colombian Elderly.

Rincón-Pabón

Urazán-Hernández

Gómez-Rodas

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Background: The purpose of this study to analyze the prevalence of hypertriglyceridemic waist and associated factors in older individuals aged ≥60 years in Colombia. Methods: The data for this study came from a secondary cross-sectional, nationally representative SABE study Survey on Health, Well-Being, and Aging in Colombia, 2015. A total of 3824 participants (59.7% male, 69 (IR=64-76) years) from 86 Colombian municipalities participated. The data were collected through a questionnaire, blood tests, blood pressure measurements and anthropometric measurements. The hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype was diagnosed using high triglyceride values (≥ 150 mg / dl) and increased waist circumference ≥ 88 and ≥ 102 cm for women and men, respectively. A logistic regression analysis was used to compare the hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype and the associated factors, significance level of 5%. STROBE checklist for cross‐sectional studies was applied in this paper (see Supplementary File 1). Results: The hypertriglyceridemic waist was present in 38.7% of the study population, with a higher prevalence among females than males (44.6% vs. 30.0%). Female gender [odds ratio (OR) 1.9 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6-2.2)]; be octogenarian [OR 0.7 (95% CI 0.6-0.9)]; live in an urban area [OR 1.5 (95% CI 1.3-1.8)] and have a lifestyle of former smoker [OR 0.8 (95% CI 0.7-0.9)]. On the other hand, it was observed that having a BMI different from normal is strongly associated with HTGW [Weight: OR 2.0 (95% CI 1.5-2.6), overweight: OR 4.1 (95% CI 3.4 -4.9) and obesity: OR 5.0 (95% CI 4.1-6.1)]. The glycemia, the hemoglobin and the increase in cholesterol also showed positive association with HTGW [OR 0.5 (95% CI 0.5-0.7), OR 2.1 (95% CI 1.8-2.4) and OR 2.1 (95% CI 1.9-2.5), respectively] were associated with increased odds of HTGW. ¬Conclusions: There is a significant prevalence of hypertriglyceridemic waist in Colombia's elderly and sociodemographic factors, lifestyles and biological markers are associated with the hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype. Elderly men showed greater probabilities in terms of age, schooling, geographic area, body mass inde and cholesterol concentrations. Elderly women revealed higher probabilities in biological markers

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“…Age is a major risk factor for mortality resulting from respiratory diseases such as influenza, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pumolnary disease (COPD), the recent coronavirus-induced disease 19 (COVID19) and cardiovascular diseases [143][144][145][146][147]. While some studies describe the protective roles of γδ T cells in influenza infections [148][149][150][151], klebsiella pneumonia [152], cardiac γδ T cells in dystrophin-deficient mice [153], and also the distribution of γδ T cells in COPD [154], this type of study does not involve the concept of aging.…”

Section: γδ T Cells Respiratory Diseases and The Utility Of Vaccinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Aging of γδ T Cells

Lau

Fülöp

et al. 2020

Cells

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In the coming decades, many developed countries in the world are expecting the "greying" of their populations. This phenomenon poses unprecedented challenges to healthcare systems. Aging is one of the most important risk factors for infections and a myriad of diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. A common denominator that is implicated in these diseases is the immune system. The immune system consists of the innate and adaptive arms that complement each other to provide the host with a holistic defense system. While the diverse interactions between multiple arms of the immune system are necessary for its function, this complexity is amplified in the aging immune system as each immune cell type is affected differently-resulting in a conundrum that is especially difficult to target. Furthermore, certain cell types, such as γδ T cells, do not fit categorically into the arms of innate or adaptive immunity. In this review, we will first introduce the human γδ T cell family and its ligands before discussing parallels in mice. By covering the ontogeny and homeostasis of γδ T cells during their lifespan, we will better capture their evolution and responses to age-related stressors. Finally, we will identify knowledge gaps within these topics that can advance our understanding of the relationship between γδ T cells and aging, as well as age-related diseases such as cancer.Their well-characterized roles further imply the physiological importance of age-associated T-cell adaptations, which garners the widespread scientific interest that has contributed to the current depth of T-cell-related investigations [14,15].T cells can essentially be classified into the adaptive arm, although minority subsets exhibit an innate phenotype. Adaptive T cells include those expressing an αβ T cell receptor (TCR) at their surface and "innate-like" T cells are comprised of T cells expressing a γδ TCR, mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT), invariant natural killer T (iNKT) and germline-encoded mycolyl lipid-reactive (GEMT) [16]. This classification is based on their response speed when encountering new antigens and the ability to form memory cells that persist in long-term immunosurveillance. In this review, we will focus on γδ T cells and their contextual importance in cancer immunosurveillance, and on the reactivation of latent infections such as tuberculosis and virus-infected cells, as these topics require consolidation in the literature but are often neglected in the aging context.First, we will describe γδ T cells and their respective ligands in both mice and human. Next, we will analyze γδ T cells from cradle to grave (i.e., development to old age) to understand their aging trajectory during lifespan. Finally, we will suggest future developments that are necessary for our comprehension of how γδ T cells subsets are affected during the aging process. A better understanding of γδ T cell biology should enable scientists to tailor optimized immunotherapy that targets age-associated immune impairments in th...

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Cardiovascular Risks Associated with Gender and Aging

Cited by 632 publications

References 150 publications

Altered Tregs Differentiation and Impaired Autophagy Correlate to Atherosclerotic Disease

Altered Tregs Differentiation and Impaired Autophagy Correlate to Atherosclerotic Disease

Prevalence And Factors Associated With Hypertriglyceridemic Waist In Colombian Elderly.

The Aging of γδ T Cells

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