Carnitine is associated with fatty acid metabolism in plants

Bourdin, Benoîte; Adenier, Hervé; Perrin, Yolande

doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2007.09.009

Cited by 49 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Carnitine stimulates anaerobic growth in Salmonella (34). It is widely distributed in nature (35) and is associated with fatty acid transfer in plant mitochondria and plastids (36) and therefore may have been released during leaf maceration by D. dadantii. Additionally, six out of the seven genes for transport and anaerobic utilization of ascorbic acid (yjfR to sgaE), a vitamin that is abundant in many plant species, showed increased transcription levels in macerated cilantro, with most genes being upregulated at least 20-fold (Table 2), and in macerated lettuce albeit at lower levels (see Table S3 in the supplemental material).…”

Section: Transcriptome Of S Enterica In Soft Rot Lesions (I) Globalmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Salmonella Transcriptome in Lettuce and Cilantro Soft Rot Reveals a Niche Overlap with the Animal Host Intestine

Goudeau

Parker

Zhou

et al. 2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

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bFresh vegetables have been recurrently associated with salmonellosis outbreaks, and Salmonella contamination of retail produce has been correlated positively with the presence of soft rot disease. We observed that population sizes of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium SL1344 increased 56-fold when inoculated alone onto cilantro leaves, versus 2,884-fold when coinoculated with Dickeya dadantii, a prevalent pathogen that macerates plant tissue. A similar trend in S. enterica populations was observed for soft-rotted lettuce leaves. Transcriptome analysis of S. enterica cells that colonized D. dadantii-infected lettuce and cilantro leaves revealed a clear shift toward anaerobic metabolism and catabolism of substrates that are available due to the degradation of plant cells by the pectinolytic pathogen. Twenty-nine percent of the genes that were upregulated in cilantro macerates were also previously observed to have increased expression levels in the chicken intestine. Furthermore, multiple genes induced in soft rot lesions are also involved in the colonization of mouse, pig, and bovine models of host infection. Among those genes, the operons for ethanolamine and propanediol utilization as well as for the synthesis of cobalamin, a cofactor in these pathways, were the most highly upregulated genes in lettuce and cilantro lesions. In S. Typhimurium strain LT2, population sizes of mutants deficient in propanediol utilization or cobalamin synthesis were 10-and 3-fold lower, respectively, than those of the wildtype strain in macerated cilantro (P < 0.0002); in strain SL1344, such mutants behaved similarly to the parental strain. Anaerobic conditions and the utilization of nutrients in macerated plant tissue that are also present in the animal intestine indicate a niche overlap that may explain the high level of adaptation of S. enterica to soft rot lesions, a common postharvest plant disease.T he association of food-borne illness with contaminated produce has prompted numerous investigations into the ability of human enteric pathogens to attach to and survive on fresh fruits and vegetables. Since enteric pathogens are unlikely to land on plants at high densities, it still remains unclear how they achieve the population sizes required to cause human illness at infectious doses in that habitat. Therefore, the factors that drive the growth of enteric pathogens on plants still need to be explored. We have previously demonstrated that Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli serovar O157:H7 can multiply in the cilantro and lettuce phyllosphere under optimal conditions of warm temperatures and free water on the leaves (1, 2). Based on our observations that enteric pathogens appear less fit in the phyllosphere than plant-associated bacterial species, even under optimal growth conditions (2), and that their growth on middle-aged lettuce leaves is limited by nitrogen availability (1), we hypothesized that these human pathogens have not evolved to utilize the full range of nutrients present on leaf surfaces (3). The occurrenc...

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Section: Transcriptome Of S Enterica In Soft Rot Lesions (I) Globalmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Salmonella Transcriptome in Lettuce and Cilantro Soft Rot Reveals a Niche Overlap with the Animal Host Intestine

Goudeau

Parker

Zhou

et al. 2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Analysis of carnitine and proline by tandem mass spectrometry Carnitine and proline extractions were carried out on in vitro seedlings according to the methodology described in Bourdin et al (2007). The tandem mass spectrometer consists of a Dionex Ultimate 3000 with a Xow manager and a 1:15 splitter for capillary high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), combined with a Quattro micro mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization (ESI) source from waters.…”

Section: Plant Materials and Growth Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) of carnitine was performed according to Bourdin et al (2007) except for some changes in the HPLC separation conditions. The separation was achieved on a 150 £ 0.5-mm (5-m particles, 100 Å pore size) Luna C8(2) capillary column (Phenomenex).…”

Section: Plant Materials and Growth Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Carnitine and proline quantiWcation was performed as described in Bourdin et al (2007). Samples were Wrst run without an internal standard, secondly with a standard at known concentration and Wnally with a standard at double concentration.…”

Section: Plant Materials and Growth Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This occurs through the reversible exchange of carnitine and CoASH on acetate moieties by a carnitine transferase present in both organelles, and by carnitine translocase activities. The discovery of (acetyl-, octanoyl-or palmitoyl-) transferase activities in preparations of mitochondria and chloroplasts from seedlings of legume species (McNeil and Thomas 1976;Wood et al 1983Wood et al , 1984McLaren et al 1985; Thomas and Wood 1986;Burgess and Thomas 1986;Gerbling and Gerhardt 1988;Schwabedissen-Gerbling and Gerhardt 1995;Wood 2000a, 2009) and the quantiWcation of acylcarnitines alongside free carnitine in tissues of Arabidopsis thaliana and other plant species (Bourdin et al 2007) demonstrate the involvement of carnitine in plant lipid metabolism. The link between carnitine and FA appears to be partly inherent to a mitochondrial -oxidation process in plant cells (Panter and Mudd 1973;Thomas and Wood 1986;Masterson et al 2000) connected to some speciWc metabolic requirements, notably for chloroplast maturation during the greening of the emerging plumules of pea seedlings (Thomas et al 1981;Wood et al 1992a, b;Wood 2000b, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of carnitine on Arabidopsis development and recovery in salt stress conditions

Charrier

Rippa

et al. 2011

Planta

Self Cite

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Carnitine exists in all living organisms where it plays diverse roles. In animals and yeast, it is implicated in lipid metabolism and is also associated with oxidative stress tolerance. In bacteria, it is a major player in osmotic stress tolerance. We investigate the carnitine function in plants and our present work shows that carnitine enhances the development and recovery of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings subjected to salt stress. Biological data show that exogenous carnitine supplies improve the germination and survival rates of seedlings grown on salt-enriched medium, in a manner comparable to proline. Both compounds are shown to improve seedling survival under oxidative constraint meaning that they may act on salt stress through antioxidant properties. A transcriptome analysis of seedlings treated with exogenous carnitine reveals that it modulates the expression of genes involved in water stress and abscisic acid responses. Analyses of the abscisic acid mutants, aba1-1 and abi1-1, indicate that carnitine and proline may act through a modulation of the ABA pathway.

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Separation of carnitine and acylcarnitines in biological samples: a review

Mansour

Wei

Danielson

2013

Biomedical Chromatography

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Carnitine and its acylesters are a family of compounds that can be used in the early diagnosis of many diseases. Carnitine and acylcarnitines have a crucial role in fatty acid transportation. The increased level of free carnitine, total carnitine, or the acylesters can act as biomarkers for many metabolic disorders, including diabetes, encephalopathy and cardiomyopathy. The determination of these compounds is difficult owing to the simple aliphatic structure, the chiral center and the permanent positive charge. Although MS detection can be enough to differentiate between some carnitine derivatives, closely related structural isomers of the acylcarnitines must be separated before detection because they form the same base peak and second most abundant ion peak. Different separation methods are discussed in this review, including reversed-phase, hydrophilic interaction, ion exchange, ion pairing, mixed mode liquid chromatography, gas chromatography and electrophoresis. Representative example chromatograms are shown. The sample preparation and the different derivatization reactions are also covered. A table that summarizes the most important analytical methods by detailing the analyte mixture, the sample matrix, the separation mode and the detection method is provided.

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Carnitine is associated with fatty acid metabolism in plants

Cited by 49 publications

References 26 publications

The Salmonella Transcriptome in Lettuce and Cilantro Soft Rot Reveals a Niche Overlap with the Animal Host Intestine

The Salmonella Transcriptome in Lettuce and Cilantro Soft Rot Reveals a Niche Overlap with the Animal Host Intestine

The effect of carnitine on Arabidopsis development and recovery in salt stress conditions

Separation of carnitine and acylcarnitines in biological samples: a review

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