The effect of carnitine on Arabidopsis development and recovery in salt stress conditions

Abstract

Carnitine exists in all living organisms where it plays diverse roles. In animals and yeast, it is implicated in lipid metabolism and is also associated with oxidative stress tolerance. In bacteria, it is a major player in osmotic stress tolerance. We investigate the carnitine function in plants and our present work shows that carnitine enhances the development and recovery of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings subjected to salt stress. Biological data show that exogenous carnitine supplies improve the germination and survival rates of seedlings grown on salt-enriched medium, in a manner comparable to proline. Both compounds are shown to improve seedling survival under oxidative constraint meaning that they may act on salt stress through antioxidant properties. A transcriptome analysis of seedlings treated with exogenous carnitine reveals that it modulates the expression of genes involved in water stress and abscisic acid responses. Analyses of the abscisic acid mutants, aba1-1 and abi1-1, indicate that carnitine and proline may act through a modulation of the ABA pathway.

The Effect of Copper And Zinc Nanoparticles on the Growth Parameters, Contents of Ascorbic Acid, and Qualitative Composition of Amino Acids and Acylcarnitines in Pistia stratiotes L. (Araceae)

“…Literature data show the role of carnitine in the formation of A. thaliana resistance to the salinity and oxidative stress conditions through the increase of seedling growth rates and restoration [ 6 ]. Based on these findings and thorough analysis of the obtained results, we suppose the same role of carnitine in aquatic plants under the adverse influence of metal nanoparticles.…”

Can Alternative Metabolic Pathways and Shunts Overcome Salinity Induced Inhibition of Central Carbon Metabolism in Crops?

“…In these plants, the resulting acetyl-CoA was thought to be used by citrate synthase to catalyse citrate entering to TCA cycle (Yu et al, 2018). Interestingly when the development of and during the recovery of salt treated Arabidopsis plants was examined in the presence and absence of carnitine, those exposed to carnitine showed untreated growth rates and recovery from salt exposure (Charrier et al, 2012). Similarly, the application to carnitine to barley seedlings reduced the damage caused by salt exposure by increasing mitosis and decreasing DNA damage (Oney-Birol, 2019).…”

Carotenoid biosynthetic genes in Brassica rapa: comparative genomic analysis, phylogenetic analysis, and expression profiling

“…Cyclic carotenes are further modified by two different types of carotenoid hydroxylases in A. thaliana : non-heme di-iron enzymes (BCH type) and cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP97 type), which include BCH1, BCH2, LUT5, LUT1, and CYP97B3 [ 21 – 23 ]. Zeaxanthin then enters the xanthophyll cycle through the stepwise activities of zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) and violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) [ 24 , 25 ]. The pigments antheraxanthin and violaxanthin produced by the above processes are further converted to neoxanthin by neoxanthin synthase (NSY) [ 24 ].…”

“…Zeaxanthin then enters the xanthophyll cycle through the stepwise activities of zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) and violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) [ 24 , 25 ]. The pigments antheraxanthin and violaxanthin produced by the above processes are further converted to neoxanthin by neoxanthin synthase (NSY) [ 24 ]. Finally, the enzymes 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED), xanthoxin dehydrogenase (ABA2), and abscisic-aldehyde oxidase (AAO3) catalyze violaxanthin and neoxanthin to produce xanthoxin and abscisic acid, respectively [ 26 – 31 ].…”