Carnosine research in relation to aging brain and neurodegeneration: A blessing for geriatrics and their neuronal disorders

Carnosine improves aging‐induced cognitive impairment and brain regional neurodegeneration in relation to the neuropathological alterations in the secondary structure of amyloid beta (Aβ)

“…This aging‐induced deterioration of steady‐state carnosine levels in the brain regions may be supported by the age‐related increase in carnosinase (CN1) activity in specific brain regions (Bellia et al., 2009). This aging‐induced reduction in carnosine content (Figure 5) indicates deterioration of the antioxidant system, which helps to regulate cellular stress levels (Banerjee & Poddar, 2020; Boldyrev et al., 2013; Hipkiss, 2009) and for which its dysfunction can cause erroneous protein biosynthesis, leading to proteinopathies (Banerjee et al., 2019). The studies of Calabrese et al., (2008, 2009), Calabrese et al (2010) and others (Bellia et al., 2009; Hamm‐Alvarez & Cadenas, 2008) in di cate that reduction in antioxidant levels and its consequent increase in oxidative stress may be a fundamental or primary cause of unhealthy aging and neurodegenerative diseases.…”

“…Treatments with exogenous carnosine can restore the aging‐induced deterioration of different neurotransmitter systems (Banerjee et al., 2015; Boldyrev et al., 2013; Kyriazis, 2010), post‐synaptic receptors (Banerjee & Poddar, 2016), and their metabolizing enzymatic activities (Banerjee & Poddar, 2015, 2020; Peters et al., 2012) in various brain regions. The reduction in levels of neurotransmitters and functioning of antioxidant systems during aging have been related to neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment (Chakraborty et al., 2020; Zarrindast, 2006), as well as proteinopathies (Marsh & Alifragis, 2018; Russell et al., 2012).…”

“…Carnosine is an endogenous dipeptide (β‐Ala‐L‐His) biomolecule with unique physicochemical properties (Banerjee & Poddar, 2020; Boldyrev et al., 2013) that has shown to attenuate aging‐related neuropathophysiology (Banerjee et al., 2019; Caruso et al., 2017). Carnosine is present in the muscle (0.1–20 mmol/kg), blood (trace amount or <3 µM), and brain (0.07–1.84 mmol/kg) (Boldyrev et al., 2013; Caruso et al., 2019; Kamal et al., 2009).…”

“…Carnosine is present in the muscle (0.1–20 mmol/kg), blood (trace amount or <3 µM), and brain (0.07–1.84 mmol/kg) (Boldyrev et al., 2013; Caruso et al., 2019; Kamal et al., 2009). Although the olfactory bulb has been shown to be enriched with endogenous carnosine (1.84 mmol/kg) (Boldyrev et al., 2013; Kamal et al., 2009), the presence of carnosine in other brain regions is less documented (Banerjee & Poddar, 2020). However, information on the levels of carnosine in other brain regions is lacking, and findings of increased levels of neurotransmitter with carnosine treatment in other brain regions during behavioral training (Berezhnoy et al., 2016) as well as in the aging brain (Banerjee et al., 2015) suggest that carnosine may be more widely distributed.…”

Aging‐related metabolic changes in the extensor digitorum longus muscle of senescence‐accelerated mouse‐prone 8

“…β-Ala is involved in the aging of muscles, 20 the brain and nerves. 21 In addition, it has been found that consuming β-Ala can increase carnosine level by 20-80%. 20 Here, β-Ala decreased with His from 12-to 40-weeks-old and from 12-to 55-weeks-old.…”