Carotenoids in 3 Stages of Ripening of Mango

Abstract

SUMMARY The distribution of carotenoids, both qualitative and quantitative, during 3 stages of ripening of mango has been studied using chromatographic, spectroscopic and chemical methods. There was an increase in content as well as in number of carotenoids during ripening. The present study showed there were 15, 14 and 17 different carotenoids in the unripe, partially ripe and fully ripe mangoes, respectively. Even though phytofluene (39.26%) was the major carotenoid in the partially ripe mango, β‐carotene constituted the major carotenoid in the unripe (37.47%) and fully ripe mango (50.64%). cis‐β‐Carotene was present only in the fully ripe mango. Only the unripe mango contained ζ‐carotene, whereas γ‐carotene was present in all the 3 stages of ripening. The major xanthophyll present in the unripe mango was mutatoxanthin (9.44%), whereas auroxanthin constituted the major hydroxylated carotenoid of the partially ripe (5.07%) and fully ripe (10.40%) mangoes. The percent of cryptoxanthin dropped to lower levels during ripening. As ripening proceeded, lutein completely disappeared. There were significant quantities of zeaxanthin in the partially ripe and fully ripe mango. Epoxy carotenoids such as 5,6‐monoepoxy‐β‐carotene, mutatochrome, cis‐violaxanthin, luteoxanthin, mutatoxanthin and auroxanthin were observed in all 3 stages of ripening.

Annona Squamosa L. (Annonaceae): Chemical Bioprospection and Biological Activity in Two Phenological Stages

“…Carotenoid levels usually remain constant in leaves until early senescence (Uenojo et al, 2007), however an increase during ripening can be seen, at which there is an intensification of the synthesis of this compound (John et al, 1970). Here, the higher content found is in accordance with the stage of production of older trees at the moment of collection.…”

Improved liquid chromatographic method for determination of carotenoids in Taiwanese mango (Mangifera indica L.)

“…For instance, the major carotenoids in Bahiaand Keift varieties of Brazil are all-trans-violaxanthin, all-trans-␤-carotene and 9-cis-violaxanthin, while in some other cultivars, such as Bourbon and Haden, the dominant carotenoids are ␤-carotene, luteoxanthin and violaxanthin [6,7]. John et al [8] further pointed out that phytofluene is the main carotenoid in ripen mango, whereas ␤-carotene is the major carotenoid in unripen mango. Obviously, the maturity and environmental conditions have a great impact on the carotenoid profile in mango.…”

Separierung der spektralen Absorption einzelner Fruchtpigmente am Beispiel von Mango in der Frischhaltung

“…Vereinfachte Verfahren können einzelpigmente im extrakt bisher nur bedingt mit Hilfe von linearen gleichungssystemen separieren. in den meisten Untersuchungen wird daher lediglich der gehalt an gesamtcarotinoiden ermittelt (ajila et al 2007b;John et al 1970;ribeiro et al 2007). ein großes interesse an Veränderungen von einzelcarotinoiden in den Vor- und nachernteprozessen besteht jedoch, denn unter Verwendung aufwendiger HPlC-analysen zeigen nahezu alle Studien, dass eine Vielzahl von Carotinen und Xanthophyllen an den Stoffwechselprozessen reifender Mangos beteiligt sind und charakteristische gehaltsveränderungen aufweisen (John et al 1970;godoy u. rodriguezamaya 1987;Wilberg u. rodriguezamaya 1995).…”

“…in den meisten Untersuchungen wird daher lediglich der gehalt an gesamtcarotinoiden ermittelt (ajila et al 2007b;John et al 1970;ribeiro et al 2007). ein großes interesse an Veränderungen von einzelcarotinoiden in den Vor- und nachernteprozessen besteht jedoch, denn unter Verwendung aufwendiger HPlC-analysen zeigen nahezu alle Studien, dass eine Vielzahl von Carotinen und Xanthophyllen an den Stoffwechselprozessen reifender Mangos beteiligt sind und charakteristische gehaltsveränderungen aufweisen (John et al 1970;godoy u. rodriguezamaya 1987;Wilberg u. rodriguezamaya 1995). Während sortenabhängig bis zu 16 verschiedene Carotinoide identifiziert wurden, war ß-Carotin mit einem anteil von mehr als 60 % stets das Hauptpigment (Jungalwala u. Cama 1963;Cano u. Deancos 1994;Mercadante u. rodriguez-amaya 1998;Ornelas-Paz et al 2007).…”