“…In RoF systems, it is of great interest that the information can be downconverted directly in the optical domain from a highfrequency band to a low intermediate frequency (IF) band. Previously, various photonic frequency downconverters were proposed, including the schemes based on cascaded Mach-Zehnder modulators (MZMs) [2], parallel electrooptic modulators (EOMs), and a balanced photodetector (BPD) [3], an injection-locked distributed feedback laser [4,5], a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) [6][7][8][9][10][11][12], and a parametric optical loop mirror [13]. However, most of these schemes are highly polarization dependent, so adaptive polarization control is required at the center office to achieve the highest conversion efficiency, which is complex, costly, and bulky.…”