Carrier Sanctions in four European Community States: Incompatibilities Between International Civil Aviation and Human Rights Obligations

Cruz, Antonio José Manjón-Cabeza

doi:10.1093/jrs/4.1.63

Cited by 22 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…38 Over the past ten years there has been a wealth of academic research and publications on the legal basis, scope and effects of these obstacles to which I recommend the reader. 39 Migrants do not need to die crossing the Mediterranean-or indeed any other international border. 40 There are thousands of safe ferry crossings across the Mediterranean from the Southern to Northern shores and vice-versa every day-which are also very cheap-often less than €30.…”

Section: Unsafe Migrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The UN's Search for a Global Compact on Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration

Guild¹

2017

Ger. law j.

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In 2016, the UN's General Assembly called for the negotiation of a Global Compact on Safe, Orderly, and Regulation Migration to be adopted in 2018. The consultations began at the start of 2017 and the negotiations began six months later. Yet, it is uncertain what a Global Compact on Migration should include and what it should look like. What should be the key objectives of a Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration? In this Article I examine the issue which the UN seeks to address through an analysis of the three problems: Unsafe migration, disorderly migration, and irregular migration.

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Section: Unsafe Migrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The UN's Search for a Global Compact on Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration

Guild¹

2017

Ger. law j.

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“…34 In the 1980s and 1990s, the law was strictly applied, with 3,921 demands in 1987, 4,211 in 1988, 6,337 demands in 1989, and 4,431 in 1990. Indeed, between March 1987 and October 1997, fines totaling £89 million were imposed on airlines and shipping companies.…”

Section: Carrier Sanctionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining hidden coercion at state borders: why carrier sanctions cannot be justified

Bloom

Risse

2014

Ethics & Global Politics

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Sanctions placed upon airlines and other operators transporting persons without the required paperwork are called 'carrier sanctions'. They constitute a key example of how border control mechanisms are currently being outsourced, privatized, delegated, and moved from the border itself to new physical locations. These practices can lead to a phenomenon referred to in this paper as 'hidden coercion'. This paper argues that, while hidden coercion is commonplace in the reality of migration policy in most states, it is so far neglected in theoretical discussions of state coercion. Moreover, the discussion of carrier sanctions demonstrates that this neglect is problematic, since hidden coercion is not justifiable even within a framework that legitimizes state border coercion.

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“…Through visa regulations, transit controls and carrier sanctions the need for protection has come to be defined in technical terms (Ruff 1989;Cruz 1991). This entails the understanding that the interests of the Norwegian nation as a moral community, and the state as the anchor and protector of this community, may be equally well, or better, served by implementing border control internally and externally rather than at the border itself.…”

Section: S T R U C T U R I N G N a T I O N A L R E S P O N S I B I L mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the one hand strategies are designed to prevent potential asylum applicants from reaching the border in the first place. Through visa regulations, transit controls and carrier sanctions the need for protection has come to be defined in technical terms (Ruff 1989;Cruz 1991). The main question when facing the refugee is no longer an individual's life story but to what extent that person may be something other than what is articulated through the common code of acceptable differences found in international travel documents.…”

Section: S T R U C T U R I N G N a T I O N A L R E S P O N S I B I L mentioning

confidence: 99%

Constructing exclusion. The micro-sociology of an immigration department

Fuglerud¹

2004

Soc. Anthropol.

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As noted by Blom Hansen and Stepputat:The state not only strives to be a state for its citizen-subjects, it also strives to be a state for itself and is expected by populations, politicians, and bureaucrats to employ 'proper' languages of stateness in its practices and symbolic gestures (2001: 6). This is not a question of government being popular among its people but of producing and reproducing the specific authority of the state, based on its hegemonic location at the centre of society, through symbols and rituals. In terms of creating ethnographic sites from where states can be studied as locally grounded practices and imaginations, Blom Hansen and Stepputat point out that:One obvious, if very underdeveloped type of study is that of bureaucracy itself: its routines, its personnel and their internal cultures, gestures and codes, its mode of actual production of authority and effects by drafting of documents, uses of linguistic genres, and so on: in brief, an anthropology of the policy process that looks at it as ritual and as production of meaning rather than production of effective policies per se (Blom Hansen and Stepputat 2001: 17).

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Carrier Sanctions in four European Community States: Incompatibilities Between International Civil Aviation and Human Rights Obligations

Cited by 22 publications

References 0 publications

The UN's Search for a Global Compact on Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration

The UN's Search for a Global Compact on Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration

Examining hidden coercion at state borders: why carrier sanctions cannot be justified

Constructing exclusion. The micro-sociology of an immigration department

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