Cartilage in the Pulmonary Interstitium of Chickens

Kaliner, G.

doi:10.1111/j.1439-0264.1976.tb00784.x

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…With the exception of the birds with Marek's disease, this observation was common to all other groups, including the control birds. Kaliner (1976) reported that many of the chickens he examined with Marek's disease and/or coccidiosis had nodules in the intersitial spaces of the lungs. However, although Kaliner (1976) observed cartilaginous nodules in 148 out of 200 autopsied birds, unfortunately the majority of the other diseases were not specified.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kaliner (1976) reported that many of the chickens he examined with Marek's disease and/or coccidiosis had nodules in the intersitial spaces of the lungs. However, although Kaliner (1976) observed cartilaginous nodules in 148 out of 200 autopsied birds, unfortunately the majority of the other diseases were not specified. According to Borst et al (1976) there was no evidence of a relation between ectopic bone and the occurrence of disease in the lungs of different species including chickens, guinea pigs and mink.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The incidence of ectopic cartilaginous and osseous lung nodules in young broiler fowls with ascites and various other diseases

1988

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The incidence of ectopic cartilaginous and osseous lung nodules in young broiler fowls with ascites and various other diseases

1988

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“…From ( i ) the presence of complete and incomplete osseus and/or cartilaginous plates in the walls of the large airways (Stanislaus, ; King, ; Duncker, ; McLelland, ) extending down the passageways to the interparabronchial and the interatrial septa (Borst et al, ; Kaliner, ), ( ii ) the approximately hexagonal shape of the parabronchi in the lungs of some birds that allows them to fit together very tightly (Maina, ; Maina, Abdalla & King, ) (Fig. B), ( iii ) the abundance and complex arrangement of collagen fibres and smooth muscle tissue (Maina et al, 2010 a ; Jimoh & Maina, ) (Figs and ), and ( iv ) the attachment of the lung to the vertebrae, ribs, and horizontal septum (Maina, ) (Figs A–D, B, C and C), Maina (,) suggested that a tensegrity state that strengthens the lung and its structural components exists in the avian lung.…”

Section: Structural Features Of the Lung And Air And Blood Capillariesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pivotal debates and controversies on the structure and function of the avian respiratory system: setting the record straight

Maina

2016

Biological Reviews

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Among the extant air-breathing vertebrates, the avian respiratory system is structurally the most complex and functionally the most efficient gas exchanger. Having been investigated for over four centuries, some aspects of its biology have been extremely challenging and highly contentious and others still remain unresolved. Here, while assessing the most recent findings, four notable aspects of the structure and function of the avian respiratory system are examined critically to highlight the questions, speculations, controversies and debates that have arisen from past research. The innovative techniques and experiments that were performed to answer particular research questions are emphasised. The features that are outlined here concern the arrangement of the airways, the path followed by the inspired air, structural features of the lung and the air and blood capillaries, and the level of cellular defence in the avian respiratory system. Hitherto, based on association with the proven efficiency of naturally evolved and human-made counter-current exchange systems rather than on definite experimental evidence, a counter-current gas exchange system was suggested to exist in the avian respiratory system and was used to explain its exceptional efficiency. However, by means of an elegant experiment in which the direction of the air-flow in the lung was reversed, a cross-current system was shown to be in operation instead. Studies of the arrangement of the airways and the blood vessels corroborated the existence of a cross-current system in the avian lung. While the avian respiratory system is ventilated tidally, like most other invaginated gas exchangers, the lung, specifically the paleopulmonic parabronchi, is ventilated unidirectionally and continuously in a caudocranial (back-to-front) direction by synchronized actions of the air sacs. The path followed by the inspired air in the lung-air sac system is now known to be controlled by a mechanism of aerodynamic valving and not by anatomical valves or sphincters, as was previously supposed. The structural strength of the air and blood capillaries is derived from: the interdependence between the air and blood capillaries; a tethering effect between the closely entwined respiratory units; the presence of epithelial-epithelial cell connections (retinacula or cross-bridges) that join the blood capillaries while separating the air capillaries; the abundance and intricate arrangement of the connective tissue elements, i.e. collagen, elastin, and smooth muscle fibres; the presence of type-IV collagen, especially in the basement membranes of the blood-gas barrier and the epithelial-epithelial cell connections; and a putative tensegrity state in the lung. Notwithstanding the paucity of free surface pulmonary macrophages, the respiratory surface of the avian lung is well protected from pathogens and particulates by an assortment of highly efficient phagocytic cells. In commercial poultry production, instead of weak pulmonary cellular defence, stressful husbandry practices such a...

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“…Kaliner (1976) examined the lungs of 200 chickens that had died from different diseases and found cartilaginous nodules were seen in 148 chickens (74%) with death resulting in some individuals from coccidiosis and Marek's disease. On the other hand, many animals and birds of different species were studied by Borst et al (1976), but they found no evidence of a relation between ectopic pulmonary bone and the occurrence of disease.…”

Section: Electron Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

The histology and ultrastructure of ectopic cartilaginous and osseous nodules in the lungs of young broilers with an ascitic syndrome

Maxwell

1988

Avian Pathology

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Cartilage in the Pulmonary Interstitium of Chickens

Cited by 4 publications

References 2 publications

The incidence of ectopic cartilaginous and osseous lung nodules in young broiler fowls with ascites and various other diseases

The incidence of ectopic cartilaginous and osseous lung nodules in young broiler fowls with ascites and various other diseases

Pivotal debates and controversies on the structure and function of the avian respiratory system: setting the record straight

The histology and ultrastructure of ectopic cartilaginous and osseous nodules in the lungs of young broilers with an ascitic syndrome

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