“…With the aim of improving the treatment of articular cartilage defects, many attempts have been made to develop cartilage-like biomimetic materials. For decades, hydrogels, especially the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and PVA-based hydrogels, have been widely considered as an attractive alternative for cartilage replacement, with a great variety of performances similar to articular cartilage, such as biphasic nature, good biocompatibility, high water content, and mechanical robustness [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. Despite these inherent biomimetic properties and their adaptability, the main drawbacks of PVA hydrogels compared to articular cartilage are their inferior friction and wear properties, particularly with regard to boundary lubrication [ 22 , 23 ].…”