Case-Reporting of Acute Hepatitis B and C Among Injection Drug Users

Hagan, Holly

doi:10.1093/jurban/79.4.579

Cited by 44 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…There is the potential for ascertainment bias owing to differential reporting by source of infection (eg, a health care worker with hepatitis C may be more likely to be reported than those with drug or sexual risk factors). 28 However, findings from our surveillance study are generally consistent with the characteristics of the current population-based cohort of persons chronically infected with HCV. 1,29 The overall prevalence in the general population did not change during the past decade as predicted by the low and stable incidence observed during that time.…”

Section: Commentsupporting

confidence: 84%

Incidence and Transmission Patterns of Acute Hepatitis C in the United States, 1982-2006

Williams¹,

Bell²,

Kuhnert³

et al. 2011

Arch Intern Med

157

119

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Section: Commentsupporting

confidence: 84%

Incidence and Transmission Patterns of Acute Hepatitis C in the United States, 1982-2006

Williams¹,

Bell²,

Kuhnert³

et al. 2011

Arch Intern Med

157

119

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“…Under-reporting has been demonstrated in various countries for specific notifiable infections including bacterial meningitis [6][7][8], encephalitis [9], gastroenteritis [10,11], hepatitis A [12], B [13][14][15] and C [14,16], Legionnaires' disease [17], malaria [18], pertussis [19][20][21], tuberculosis [22,23] and viral meningitis [24]. Some of these studies have also used comparisons with hospital in-patient admission/discharge systems to identify incomplete notification.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Under-reporting of notifiable infectious disease hospitalizations in a health board region in Ireland: room for improvement?

et al. 2007

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CitationUnder-reporting of notifiable infectious disease hospitalizations in a health board region SUMMARYRapid notification of infectious diseases is essential for prompt public health action and for monitoring of these diseases in the Irish population at both a local and national level. Anecdotal evidence suggests, however, that the occurrence of notifiable infectious diseases is seriously underestimated. This study aims to assess the level of hospitalization for notifiable infectious diseases for a 6-year period in one health board region in Ireland and to assess whether or not there was any under-reporting during this period. All hospital in-patient admissions from 1997 to 2002 inclusive with a principal diagnosis relating to 'infectious and parasitic diseases ' (ICD codes 001-139) of residents from a health board region in Ireland were extracted from the Hospital In-Patient Enquiry System (HIPE). All notifiable infectious diseases were identified based on the 1981 Irish Infectious Disease Regulations and the data were analysed in the statistical package, JMP. These data were compared with the corresponding notification data. Analysis of the hospital in-patient admission data revealed a substantial burden associated with notifiable infectious diseases in this health board region : there were 2758 hospitalizations by 2454 residents, 17 034 bed days and 33 deaths. The statutory notification data comprises both general practitioner and hospital clinician reports of infectious disease. Therefore, only in cases where there are more hospitalizations than notifications can under-reporting be demonstrated. This occurred in nine out of 22 notifiable diseases and amounted to an additional 18 % of notifications (or 572 cases) which were 'missed ' due to hospital clinician under-reporting. The majority of these under-reported cases were for viral meningitis (45 %), infectious mononucleosis (27 %), viral hepatitis C unspecified (15 %) and acute encephalitis (5 . 8 %). This study has highlighted the extent of under-reporting of hospitalized notifiable infectious diseases, in a health board region in Ireland, which is a cause for concern from a surveillance point of view. If this under-reporting is similar in other health boards, then it would appear that the epidemiology of some notifiable diseases is incomplete both regionally and nationally. This under-reporting negatively impacts on the effectiveness of the notification process as a 'real-time ' surveillance tool and an early warning system for outbreaks.

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“…Determining the incidence of HCV infection (i.e., the rate of newly acquired infections) is difficult because most acute infections are asymptomatic, available assays do not distinguish acute from chronic or resolved infection, and most countries do not systematically collect data on cases of acute disease. Even in countries with well-established surveillance systems, acute disease reporting systems www.wjgnet.com underestimate the incidence of HCV infection [25][26][27] . For several countries, mathematical models have been used to infer trends in incidence, which rely on the assumption that current age-specific prevalence reflects the cumulative risk of acquiring infection.…”

Section: Prevalence and Incidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection

Alter

2007

WJG

1,140

853

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Globally, hepatitis C virus (HCV) has infected an estimated 130 million people, most of whom are chronically infected. HCV-infected people serve as a reservoir for transmission to others and are at risk for developing chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It has been estimated that HCV accounts for 27% of cirrhosis and 25% of HCC worldwide. HCV infection has likely been endemic in many populations for centuries. However, the wave of increased HCV-related morbidity and mortality that we are now facing is the result of an unprecedented increase in the spread of HCV during the 20 th century. Two 20 th century events appear to be responsible for this increase; the widespread availability of injectable therapies and the illicit use of injectable drugs.

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Case-Reporting of Acute Hepatitis B and C Among Injection Drug Users

Abstract: Although public health surveillance system data are widely used to describe the epidemiology of communicable disease, occurrence of hepatitis B and C virus (HBV and HCV, respectively)

Cited by 44 publications

References 19 publications

Incidence and Transmission Patterns of Acute Hepatitis C in the United States, 1982-2006

Incidence and Transmission Patterns of Acute Hepatitis C in the United States, 1982-2006

Under-reporting of notifiable infectious disease hospitalizations in a health board region in Ireland: room for improvement?

Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection

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