Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection

Alter, Miriam J.

doi:10.3748/wjg.v13.i17.2436

Cited by 1,140 publications

(951 citation statements)

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“…An estimated 170 million individuals worldwide including 3 million persons in the United States are infected by the hepatitis C virus [1]. Over 70% of the persistently infected individuals develop chronic hepatic inflammation (hepatitis), which progresses to cirrhosis in approximately 20-30% of infected individuals usually over the course of 2-3 decades [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peripheral CD27−CD21− B-cells represent an exhausted lymphocyte population in hepatitis C cirrhosis

Doi

Tanoue

Kaplan

2014

Clinical Immunology

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Hepatitis C cirrhosis is associated with a profound disappearance of memory B-cells. We sought to determine if this loss is associated with the expansion of the CD27 − CD21 − tissue-like memory B-cells with features of B-cell exhaustion. To this end, we quantified the frequency of CD27 − CD21 − B-cells in healthy, non-cirrhotic HCV-infected, and cirrhotic patients. We examined the expression of putative inhibitory receptors, the proliferative and immunoglobulin-secreting capacity of CD27/CD21-defined B-cell subsets upon B-cell receptor and/or CD40 stimulation. We found that CD27 − CD21 − B-cells are significantly increased in frequency relative to healthy donors in HCV-infected patients. CD27 − CD21 − B-cells were hypoproliferative relative to naïve and resting memory B-cells upon agonistic stimulation, but retained similar capacity for antibody secretion. Conclusion: CD27 − CD21 − tissue-like memory B-cells with exhausted proliferation circulate at increased frequency in cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic HCV-infected patients. This B-cell subset does not appear anergic, exhibiting immunoglobulin-secreting capacity on CD40 agonism indistinguishable from other CD27/CD21-defined B-cell subsets.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peripheral CD27−CD21− B-cells represent an exhausted lymphocyte population in hepatitis C cirrhosis

Doi

Tanoue

Kaplan

2014

Clinical Immunology

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“…Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the most common chronic bloodborne infection in the United States (US) 1,2 and is a leading cause of chronic liver disease such as cirrhosis, liver cancer, or liver failure. [3][4][5] For many diseases, accurate estimates of the population burden can be captured through routine public health surveillance systems which monitor incident diagnoses of reportable disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Hepatitis C Infection in New York City, 2004

et al. 2009

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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the leading cause of chronic liver disease in the United States. Accurate hepatitis C prevalence estimates are important to guide local public health programs but are usually unavailable to local health jurisdictions. National surveys may not reflect local variation, a particular challenge for urban settings with disproportionately large numbers of residents in high-risk population groups. In 2004, the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene conducted the NYC Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a population-based household survey of non-institutionalized NYC residents ages 20 and older. Study participants were interviewed and blood specimens were tested for antibody to HCV (anti-HCV); positive participants were re-contacted to ascertain awareness of infection and to provide service referrals. Of 1,786 participants with valid anti-HCV results, 35 were positive for anti-HCV, for a weighted prevalence of 2.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.5% to 3.3%). Anti-HCV prevalence was high among participants with a lifetime history of injection drug use (64.5%, 95% CI 39.2% to 83.7%) or a lifetime history of incarceration as an adult (8.4%, 95% CI 4.3% to 15.7%). There was a strong correlation with age; among participants born between 1945 and 1954, the anti-HCV prevalence was 5.8% (95% CI 3.3% to 10.0%). Of anti-HCV positive participants contacted (51%), 28% (n=5) first learned of their HCV status from this survey. Continued efforts to prevent new infections in known risk behavior groups are essential, along with expansion of HCV screening and activities to prevent disease progression in people with chronic HCV.

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“…Currently, the estimated prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in the world is approximately 2.2% (approximately 130 million); most of the victims are asymptomatic and unaware of their own viral infection (Alter 2007). Official data on the prevalence of HCV in the Brazilian population are limited.…”

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confidence: 99%