Case series of equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in a tropical climate

Spelta, CW; Axon, JE

doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.2012.00997.x

Cited by 18 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Polyuria/polydipsia in PPID cases could be explained by reduced antidiuretic hormone secretion from the pars nervosa due to the compression of the pars intermedia and is usually seen in more severe cases [1]. Anhidrosis has been previously reported in locations closer to the equator with warmer and more humid climates, and our results are consistent with that [15]. Hyperhidrosis is a recognised clinical sign associated with PPID, but is probably worsened in hot climates with an increased risk of sweat gland exhaustion and resultant anhidrosis.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Factors associated with survival, laminitis and insulin dysregulation in horses diagnosed with equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction

Horn

Bamford

Afonso

et al. 2018

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Summary Background Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) is a commonly described endocrine disorder in higher latitudes of the Northern hemisphere but the description of the disease at lower latitudes and in the Southern hemisphere is limited. Objectives Document the clinical features of PPID at different Australian latitudes and climates, and investigate factors associated with survival, laminitis and insulin dysregulation (ID). Study design Retrospective study of 274 equids from eight institutions across Australia. Methods A diagnosis of PPID was based on endogenous ACTH, overnight dexamethasone suppression test, thyrotropin‐releasing hormone stimulation test or necropsy. Clinical and clinicopathologic characteristics of PPID and therapeutic responses were investigated. Laminitis was diagnosed by radiographic or histologic changes and ID was diagnosed based on endogenous insulin, an oral glucose test or a 2‐step insulin‐response test. Results Being a pony, having a higher body condition score and pergolide administration were associated with survival. The clinical presentation of PPID changed with latitude and climate, with anhidrosis and polyuria/polydipsia more commonly recognised at lower latitudes. Laminitis was diagnosed in 89.9% of cases and ID was present in 76.5% of cases in which they were investigated. Main limitations Despite the sample size, the lack of uniform testing at all locations (primary or referral cases) and the incompleteness of data sets limited the power of the statistical analyses. Conclusions PPID can present with variable signs at different latitudes and climates, and ID should be investigated in equids diagnosed with PPID. Adequate body condition and administration of pergolide are fundamental in PPID management.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Factors associated with survival, laminitis and insulin dysregulation in horses diagnosed with equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction

Horn

Bamford

Afonso

et al. 2018

Equine Veterinary Journal

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“…12,38 Both mares were presented for infertility, a common clinical feature of PPID. 23,35 Lymphoma (multicentric or alimentary) has also been reported as a reason for euthanasia of horses with PPID. 7,30 Weaknesses of the current study include its retrospective and diagnostic nature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…15 Bone fractures are also reported in horses with PPID. 5,35 Muscle atrophy in PPID, which has been linked to the loss of type 2B fibers, 1 could explain cases of colic secondary to diaphragmatic hernia. 5,20,33 Laminitis is commonly reported in PPID.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…20,27 Hoof lesions other than laminitis, such as hoof abscesses and hoof deformities, are also reported in horses with PPID. 24,35,45 The development of hoof abscesses (or other infections in PPID) could be the result of immune system dysregulation. 24 Chronic infections were noted in equids with PPID in the current study and others.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most commonly reported sites of infection were the respiratory tract (sinusitis and pneumonia), skin, eyes, and hooves. 5,19,23,24,26,28,35 With age, horses tend to develop a proinflammatory profile (often called ''inflamm-aging'') with increased expression of interleukin 6, interleukin 8, interferon gamma, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. 25 Horses with PPID, however, tend to have an anti-inflammatory profile.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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What’s New in Old Horses? Postmortem Diagnoses in Mature and Aged Equids

et al. 2015

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Postmortem findings in 241 equids admitted to a teaching hospital that were at least 15 years old at autopsy were reviewed (1) to determine disease prevalence, (2) to compare the cause of death (or euthanasia) in equids 15 to 19 years of age (n ¼ 116) with that in equids 20 years of age (n ¼ 125), and (3) to catalog coexisting lesions in equids with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID). Breed and sex were evenly distributed between the age groups. Death or euthanasia was attributed to disease of the digestive system (41.5%), pituitary gland (12.9%), locomotor system (10.0%), nervous system (7.9%), cardiovascular system (4.6%), urinary system (4.6%), reproductive system (4.2%), respiratory system (4.2%), integumentary system (4.2%), lymphoid system (2.5%), liver (2.5%), or systemic neoplasia (1.2%). Nervous system disease was more common in the 15-to 19-year group; urinary tract disease was more common in the 20-year group. Neoplastic disease, regardless of systemic location, was the basis for death or euthanasia in 18.7% of all equids. Squamous cell carcinoma, lymphoma, and melanoma were the most common malignant neoplasms. PPID was the most common specific diagnosis, based on the postmortem presence of hyperplasia or adenoma, and was the reason for euthanasia in 47.7% of 65 equids with PPID. The most common nonpituitary causes for death or euthanasia in equids with PPID were colic, lameness, cancer, and spinal cord disease. Coexisting conditions in equids with PPID that were not considered the basis for euthanasia included neoplasms, infections, lameness, and recurrent airway obstruction.

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