Casein-Coated Molybdenum Disulfide Nanosheets Augment the Bioactivity of Alginate Microspheres for Orthopedic Applications

Abstract

Defects and disorders of the bone due to disease, trauma, or abnormalities substantially affect a person’s life quality. Research in bone tissue engineering is motivated to address these clinical needs. The present study demonstrates casein-mediated liquid exfoliation of molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) and its coupling with alginate to create microspheres to engineer bone graft substitutes. Casein-exfoliated nano-MoS 2 was chemically characterized using different analytical techniques. The UV–visible spectrum of nano-MoS 2 -2 displayed strong absorption peaks at 610 and 668 nm. In addition, the XPS spectra confirmed the presence of the molybdenum (Mo, 3d), sulfur (S, 2p), carbon (C, 1s), oxygen (O, 1s), and nitrogen (N, 1s) elements. The exfoliated MoS 2 nanosheets were biocompatible with the MG-63, MC3T3-E1, and C2C12 cells at 250 μg/mL concentration. Further, microspheres were created using alginate, and they were characterized physiochemically and biologically. Stereomicroscopic images showed that the microspheres were spherical with an average diameter of 1 ± 0.2 mm. The dispersion of MoS 2 in the alginate matrix was uniform. The alginate–MoS 2 microspheres promoted apatite formation in the SBF (simulated body fluid) solution. Moreover, the alginate–MoS 2 was biocompatible with MG-63 cells and promoted cell proliferation. Higher alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralization were observed on the alginate–MoS 2 with the MG-63 cells. Hence, the developed alginate–MoS 2 microsphere could be a potential candidate for a bone graft substitute.

Fabrication and characterizations of simvastatin-containing mesoporous bioactive glass and molybdenum disulfide scaffold for bone tissue engineering

“… 32 Furthermore, Park and Kang et al discovered that the compressive strength of PLGA was 48.1 ± 0.32 N. 33 Appana Dalavi et al estimated the mechanical strength of MoS 2 microspheres to be 71.38 MPa. 25 However, the mechanical strength of the composite scaffold of PLGA–MBG–MoS 2 –Sim and PLGA–MBG–Sim increased to 143 MPa, respectively. This might be due to PLGA linking the MBG and MoS 2 and forming the uniform porosity network in the composite system after salt leaching.…”

“…2(b) ]. 25 The size and zeta potential of the exfoliated nanosheets were reported as 250 nm and −35 mV. Figures 2(c) and 2(d) show exfoliated nanosheet results from TEM and SAED (selected area electron diffraction).…”

“…At 250 μ g/ml concentration, exfoliated MoS 2 had higher biocompatibility with MG-63, MC3T3-E1, and C2C12 cells and showed higher alkaline phosphatase (APL) activity and mineralization after 14 days. 25 The live/cell staining shows the proportion of the live and dead cells within the treated composite samples. Figure 11(b) illustrates the confocal laser microscopic images of C3H10T1/2 cells stained with calcein EtBr solution being treated with 500 μ g/ml PLGA–MBG–MoS 2 –Sim composites.…”

“…Triplicates of PLGA–MBG–MoS 2 –Sim composites scaffold were used to calculate the mean ± standard deviation. 25 …”

Microspheres with 2D rGO/Alginate Matrix for Unusual Prolonged Release of Cefotaxime

“…Despite the biocompatibility and biodegradability of alginate, it lacks the mechanical strength and cell interaction ability that is required for tissue engineering applications. Polymers can be affected due to changes in the surroundings, and as a result, the cargo drug can be delivered [15,16]. These alginate-containing aggregates seem to mirror the microcolony structures of biofilms as observed in vitro.…”