Castanopsis lamontii Water Extract Shows Potential in Suppressing Pathogens, Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation and Oxidative Stress-Induced Cell Injury

Abstract

Castanopsis lamontii is traditionally used to prevent inflammatory diseases such as periodontitis and pharyngitis by residents in southwest China. However, little scientific evidence has been found to support this. In this research, the antibacterial activities of Castanopsis lamontii water extract (CLE) were assessed using the micro-dilution method. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of CLE were investigated in RAW264.7 cells. Key bioactive compounds in CLE were also explored. Results showed that CLE was capable of inhibiting the periodontitis pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis and the pharyngitis pathogen β-hemolytic Streptococcus. It suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells via inactivating the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Besides, it reduced oxidative stress-induced cell injury via scavenging reactive oxygen species. Chemical composition analysis revealed that CLE was rich in epicatechin and procyanidin B2. Further studies confirmed that epicatechin predominantly contributed to the antibacterial activities of CLE, while procyanidin B2 was mainly responsible for the anti-inflammatory activities of CLE. Both compounds contributed to the antioxidant activities of CLE. Acute oral toxicity tests proved that CLE was practically non-toxic. These results provide experimental evidences of the health-beneficial effects of CLE and may help promote the application of CLE in the food and health industries.

The Porphyromonas gingivalis inhibitory effects, antioxidant effects and the safety of a Sri Lankan traditional betel quid - an in vitro study

“…Moreover, the P. gingivalis inhibitory effect of the tested Sri Lankan TBQ extract was higher than that of many other herbal extracts reported to have antiperiodontopathic effects. Even the MICs of the water extract of Polygonum tinctorium Lour (MIC:1.74 mg/ml), methanol extract of Terminalia laxiflora (MIC:0.25 mg/ml), methanol extracts of Ambrosia maritima (MIC:0.5 mg/ml), seeds of Argemone mexicana (MIC: 0.5 mg/ml), wood and bark of Terminalia brownii (MIC: 0.5 mg/ml), bark of Combretum hartmannianum (MIC: 0.5 mg/ml), bark of Acacia tortilis (MIC:0.5 mg/ml) and the ethanol extract of Piper marginatum Jacq (MIC: 1 mg/ml), ethanol extract of Ilex guayusa Loes (MIC: 1 mg/ml) methanol extract of Phytolacca americana (MIC: 600 μg/ml), water extract of Camellia sinensis/ green tea (MIC: 12.5 mg/ml), ethanolic extract of Allium sativum/ garlic (MIC: 62.5 mg/ml), ethanolic extract of Mammea americana (MIC: 500 μg/ml), and the water extract of Castanopsis lamontii (MIC: 625 μg/ml) were higher than the MBC of the TBQ extract against P. gingivalis [ 34 , 45 – 51 ]. According to Kohlie et al, ethanol extract of the husk of Coccus nucifera also has a lower P. gingivalis inhibitory effect (MBC:1562.5 μg/ml) compared to that of the tested TBQ extract [ 52 ].…”

Proanthocyanidins and Flavan-3-ols in the Prevention and Treatment of Periodontitis - Antibacterial Effects.

“…Asahi et al [32] demonstrated that EGCG (500 μg/mL is liklely based on a mechanism distinct from that responsible for its bactericidal activity at high concentrations. Gao et al [20] studied the buds of Castanopsis lamontii Hance water extract (CLE) rich in epicatechin and procyanidin B2, confirming inhibition of P. gingivalis growth by flavan-3-ols or proanthocyanidins only at high concentrations.…”

“…Inhibition of the adherence of P. gingivalis onto epithelial cells was much more effective when EGCg was preincubated with bacteria than with epithelial cells. ( Sakanaka et al 1996) [46] [20]. However, it is supposed that the most important virulence factors are cysteine proteases-the arginine-specific (RgpA and RgpB) and lysine-specific (Kgp) gingipains, which are attributed to 85% of the total proteolytic activity of P. gingivalis [47].…”

“…Proanthocyanidins isolated from cranberry are mainly composed of epicatechin subunits with at least one A-type bond (intermolecular bond between O7 and C2 in addition to the carbon-carbon bond). Taking into account the collected literature data (Table 1), it can be concluded that, cranberry PACs can inhibit P. gingivalis attachment to the periodontal tissue, reduce bacterial biofilm formation, collagenase activity, and invasion by neutralizing periodontopathogen proteinases and cytotoxicity, however they do not interfere with the growth of P. gingivalis [19,20], [33], [35], [37], [40]. La et al [37] in addition to the above activities, showed that A-type cranberry proanthocyanidins (PACs) inhibited the adherence of P. gingivalis to Matrigel-coated polystyrene surfaces and inhibited type I collagen degradation by extracellular proteinases produced by P.…”

Evaluating the Toxic Impacts of Cadmium Selenide Nanoparticles on the Aquatic Plant Lemna minor

“…Plants fight against toxicity in different ways including physical responses (such as exclusion the toxic elements through cell wall or their isolation in vacuole) and biochemical reactions (like scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the activities of antioxidant enzymes and a raise in secondary metabolites contents). But excessive amounts of toxic elements defeat the defense system of plants and reduce germination, growth, and development, and eventually cause death [4,5,6].…”