Catabolism of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene byMycobacterium vaccae

Vanderberg, Laura A.; Perry, Jerome J.; Unkefer, Pat J.

doi:10.1007/bf02431931

Cited by 48 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…These residues could originate from reactions of partially oxidized methyl groups with soil organic matter. The formation of such nitrobenzoic acids has been described earlier by several authors during incubation of TNT with bacterial cultures (28) and in contaminated soils (29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34). As intermediates of the oxidation of the methyl group highly reactive aldehyde groups could be formed and bind covalently to soil organic matter.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 75%

Reductive Transformation of Bound Trinitrophenyl Residues and Free TNT during a Bioremediation Process Analyzed by Immunoassay

Achtnich

Pfortner

Weller

et al. 1999

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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To follow the fate of bound metabolites of TNT in soil, a synthetic trinitrophenyl residue covalently linked to humic acids was used as model compound. A selective monoclonal antibody was able to detect chemical changes of the nitro groups of the bound residues. The general possibility of reductive transformations of nitro groups of bound molecules and the reductions rates should be determined. In comparison to the reduction of free TNT and its metabolites, the reductive transformation of the bound trinitrophenyl residue was delayed, and the transformation rate was considerably slower. Trinitrophenyl residues also could be detected by the immunoassay in humic acids extracted from TNT contaminated soil. The reductive transformation of these trinitrophenyl residues started after the reduction of free TNT. At the end of the treatment, small amounts of these residues were still detectable indicating that some of these structures were not completely reduced during the process. From present results one can conclude that the further reduction of nitro groups of bound metabolites requires a prolonged anaerobic treatment. Not only the monitoring of free nitroaromatic compounds is recommended during the bioremediation process but also the measurement of bound residues to determine the optimal conditions and duration of the treatment.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 75%

Reductive Transformation of Bound Trinitrophenyl Residues and Free TNT during a Bioremediation Process Analyzed by Immunoassay

Achtnich

Pfortner

Weller

et al. 1999

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Soil columns with radiolabeled immobilized contaminants are subjected to different time lapse leaching conditions in order to mimic natural catabolic processes in soil. Taking into account that hydroxylaminodinitrotoluenes are often described as initial TNT metabolites in various microbial systems under anaerobic or aerobic conditions (4, 5, [33][34][35][36][37][38][39], irreversible binding of these compounds to soil components especially to humic material may play a major role in TNT bioremediation processes. In some cases the condensation of the hydroxylaminodinitrotoluenes with related nitroso compounds also led to an accumulation of azoxy compounds (40) which, however, were not observed at the end of the present bioremediation.…”

Section: Ecotoxicological Evaluation Of the Bioremediated Soilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Treatment of TNT-Contaminated Soil. 2. Biologically Induced Immobilization of the Contaminants and Full-Scale Application

Lenke

Warrelmann

Daun

et al. 1998

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Anaerobic treatment of originally contaminated soil from a former ammunition plant was carried out in a laboratory slurry reactor. While fermenting glucose to ethanol, acetate, and propionate, the anaerobic bacteria completely reduced the nitro groups of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and aminodinitrotoluenes, which led to a complete and irreversible binding of the reduced products to the soil. 2,4-Dinitrotoluene and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine were also reduced in the soil slurry and were no longer detectable after the anaerobic treatment. To mineralize the fermentation products, a subsequent aerobic treatment was necessary to complete the bioremediation process. This bioremediation process was tested in a technical scale at Hessisch Lichtenau-Hirschhagen, Germany. A sludge reactor (Terranox system) was filled with 18 m 3 of contaminated soil (main contaminants were TNT, 2,4dinitrotoluene, hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) and 10 m 3 of water. The anaerobic stage was carried out by periodical feeding of sucrose. The sludge was subsequently dewatered and treated aerobically. Chemical analysis revealed an overall reduction of more than 99% of the contaminants. Ecotoxicological tests performed with various aquatic systems (luminescent bacteria, daphnids, algae) and terrestrial systems (respiring bacteria, nitrifying bacteria, cress plants, earth worms) showed that residual toxicity could not be detected after the anaerobic/aerobic treatment.

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“…Indeed, there is strong evidence supporting TNT-degrading abilities of fungi [17][18][19][20] and plants [21][22][23]. Furthermore, previous studies showed that several bacteria, such as Pseudomonas [1], Bacillus [24], Enterobacter [25], and Rhodococcus [26], were capable of degrading TNT. The main products of microbial TNT degradation and the extent of such reactions were influenced by the types of microorganisms and culture conditions used [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT): Involvement of Protocatechuate 3,4-Dioxygenase (P34O) in Buttiauxella sp. S19-1

Liu

et al. 2021

Toxics

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Extensive use and disposal of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), a primary constituent of explosives, pollutes the environment and causes severe damage to human health. Complete mineralization of TNT via bacterial degradation has recently gained research interest as an effective method for the restoration of contaminated sites. Here, screening for TNT degradation by six selected bacteria revealed that Buttiauxella sp. S19-1, possesses the strongest degrading ability. Moreover, BuP34O (a gene encoding for protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase—P34O, a key enzyme in the β-ketoadipate pathway) was upregulated during TNT degradation. A knockout of BuP34O in S19-1 to generate S-M1 mutant strain caused a marked reduction in TNT degradation efficiency compared to S19-1. Additionally, the EM1 mutant strain (Escherichia coli DH5α transfected with BuP34O) showed higher degradation efficiency than DH5α. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of TNT degradation by S19-1 revealed 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotolune (ADNT) as the intermediate metabolite of TNT. Furthermore, the recombinant protein P34O (rP34O) expressed the activity of 2.46 µmol/min·mg. Our findings present the first report on the involvement of P34O in bacterial degradation of TNT and its metabolites, suggesting that P34O could catalyze downstream reactions in the TNT degradation pathway. In addition, the TNT-degrading ability of S19-1, a Gram-negative marine-derived bacterium, presents enormous potential for restoration of TNT-contaminated seas.

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Catabolism of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene byMycobacterium vaccae

Cited by 48 publications

References 21 publications

Reductive Transformation of Bound Trinitrophenyl Residues and Free TNT during a Bioremediation Process Analyzed by Immunoassay

Reductive Transformation of Bound Trinitrophenyl Residues and Free TNT during a Bioremediation Process Analyzed by Immunoassay

Biological Treatment of TNT-Contaminated Soil. 2. Biologically Induced Immobilization of the Contaminants and Full-Scale Application

Degradation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT): Involvement of Protocatechuate 3,4-Dioxygenase (P34O) in Buttiauxella sp. S19-1

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