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Gold (Au) is found as a relatively pure solid on the surface of the earth. It is widely distributed, but in very small amounts. World reserves of gold are estimated at 47,000 t.The largest reserves are found in South Africa, Australia, and Russia. Gold is the most noble of the noble metals. Gold is characterized by high density, high electrical and thermal conductivities. These properties are discussed. Heap leaching is the predominant technique for extraction of gold from it ore. The use of sodium cyanide as a leaching agent in this process is under worldwide pressure because of its negative impact on the environment. Gold is benign to the environment, but chemicals used in mining are not. Specifications and requirements of the international trading markets are given including details on precautions against fraud. Gold is most eminently recyclable material because of its value. Gold has many uses. Its main applications are in jewelry and art, electronics, and dentistry. Brazing, gold catalysts, and the use of various gold compounds are also discussed.
Gold (Au) is found as a relatively pure solid on the surface of the earth. It is widely distributed, but in very small amounts. World reserves of gold are estimated at 47,000 t.The largest reserves are found in South Africa, Australia, and Russia. Gold is the most noble of the noble metals. Gold is characterized by high density, high electrical and thermal conductivities. These properties are discussed. Heap leaching is the predominant technique for extraction of gold from it ore. The use of sodium cyanide as a leaching agent in this process is under worldwide pressure because of its negative impact on the environment. Gold is benign to the environment, but chemicals used in mining are not. Specifications and requirements of the international trading markets are given including details on precautions against fraud. Gold is most eminently recyclable material because of its value. Gold has many uses. Its main applications are in jewelry and art, electronics, and dentistry. Brazing, gold catalysts, and the use of various gold compounds are also discussed.
This chapter summarizes the preparation, structural characterization and properties of heterometallic gold compounds built through metal–metal interactions or bonds. They are mainly synthesized following four different strategies. Two of them use the acid‐base process with gold precursors acting as acids or organoaurates acting as bases, the third one consists of the use of bidentate bridging ligands, and the fourth uses the isolobal relationship between the [(R 3 P)Au] + cations and the proton in carbonyl clusters. The structural behavior of these complexes has been studied by different methods, mainly Mössbauer spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Their structures show discrete molecules, extended linear chains or even two‐ or three‐dimensional networks. Many of these complexes display luminescence and the emissions are strongly dependent on their structures. Some theoretical calculations are able to show that the formation of metal–metal interactions or bonds, as well as the gold environments, are the main aspects that affect the energy of the emissions. Other very promising areas of research such as the potential applications in electrochemistry, in biology (antiproliferative and antitumoral activity) or as homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts are also discussed.
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