“…The previous global report revealed bioethanol production (7.25 billion litres in 2000 to over 46 billion litres in 2007) to be on the increase (Balat, 2007). However, with market size of USD 43.2 billion in 2019, the global market size projection was estimated at a growth of USD 33.7 billion in 2020 to USD 64.8 billion by 2025 with an expectation of a compound annual growth rate of 14.0% from 2020 to 2025 (Pattnaik et al, 2021) as shown in Figure 8. The present growth was achieved because of the mandatory usage compelled in many developed countries.…”
Section: Challenges Prospects and Cost Evaluation Of Biofuel Productionmentioning
The need for a reliable and sustainable energy source, stability in energy price and solution to environmental challenges of fossil fuel has led to searching for an alternative energy source to fossil fuel. Several alternative sources have been developed over time, but they are limited in one form or another. However, biofuel such as bioethanol has been identified as a superb alternative with superior properties to fossil fuel. One major challenge with biofuel is the high production cost resulting from feedstock, which may also serve as a food source. In order to address this challenge, research is focused on searching for cheap and sustainable feedstock for biofuel production. Currently, attention is on lignocellulosic waste as feedstock with a keen interest in developing the most appropriate technique for processing it to bioethanol, especially in developing countries, which is the focus of this review. This review involves converting lignocellulosic waste to bioethanol and the pretreatment steps involved as well as its challenges, prospect and economic aspect. Among the pretreatment steps reported, biological treatment remains outstanding but with a few challenges which can be managed. Biofuel has come to stay in developing countries with lots of opportunities that favours its production cost. Although the high cost of enzyme production has been identified as a challenge to the economic viability of lignocellulosic bioethanol, there is hope that developing an efficient bio-system for simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) and consolidated biomass processing may help circumvent the challenge. In conclusion, the effective utilization of lignocellulosic waste in an efficient biocatalyst system can serve as an economically viable means to overcome the challenge posed by fossil fuel.
“…The previous global report revealed bioethanol production (7.25 billion litres in 2000 to over 46 billion litres in 2007) to be on the increase (Balat, 2007). However, with market size of USD 43.2 billion in 2019, the global market size projection was estimated at a growth of USD 33.7 billion in 2020 to USD 64.8 billion by 2025 with an expectation of a compound annual growth rate of 14.0% from 2020 to 2025 (Pattnaik et al, 2021) as shown in Figure 8. The present growth was achieved because of the mandatory usage compelled in many developed countries.…”
Section: Challenges Prospects and Cost Evaluation Of Biofuel Productionmentioning
The need for a reliable and sustainable energy source, stability in energy price and solution to environmental challenges of fossil fuel has led to searching for an alternative energy source to fossil fuel. Several alternative sources have been developed over time, but they are limited in one form or another. However, biofuel such as bioethanol has been identified as a superb alternative with superior properties to fossil fuel. One major challenge with biofuel is the high production cost resulting from feedstock, which may also serve as a food source. In order to address this challenge, research is focused on searching for cheap and sustainable feedstock for biofuel production. Currently, attention is on lignocellulosic waste as feedstock with a keen interest in developing the most appropriate technique for processing it to bioethanol, especially in developing countries, which is the focus of this review. This review involves converting lignocellulosic waste to bioethanol and the pretreatment steps involved as well as its challenges, prospect and economic aspect. Among the pretreatment steps reported, biological treatment remains outstanding but with a few challenges which can be managed. Biofuel has come to stay in developing countries with lots of opportunities that favours its production cost. Although the high cost of enzyme production has been identified as a challenge to the economic viability of lignocellulosic bioethanol, there is hope that developing an efficient bio-system for simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) and consolidated biomass processing may help circumvent the challenge. In conclusion, the effective utilization of lignocellulosic waste in an efficient biocatalyst system can serve as an economically viable means to overcome the challenge posed by fossil fuel.
“…The results imply that SbCW hydrolysis can reduce the severity of pulping and bleaching to isolate cellulose fibers and hydrolyzed sugars from biomass. Furfurals, 5-HMF, phenols, and carboxylic acids obtained from SbCW hydrolysis can act as precursors for biochemicals production [42].…”
Section: Isolation Of Cellulose Fibers and Physicochemical Characteri...mentioning
Cannabis indica stems were hydrolyzed with subcritical water at various temperatures, reaction times, and feed concentrations. The highest total yield of reducing sugars of 16.4 wt % was obtained at 190 °C in 37.5 min with a feed concentration of 3.5 wt %. Solid residues from the optimized process were treated with 0.5 M NaOH (pulping) and 0.5-3 % H 2 O 2 (bleaching) to isolate cellulose fibers. The maximum yield of cellulose was 34.8 wt % with lowest lignin content of 0.5 wt %. With the removal of hemicellulose and lignin through the integrated hydrothermal processes, the crystallinity index and thermal stability of the cellulose fibers increased.
“…Figure 2 makes a comparison of CO 2 recycling in conventional and bioplastics. Bioplastics are among the biomaterials produced from waste plant biomass in addition to biofuels, biochemicals and other bioproducts (Gunarathne et al 2019 ; Kaloudas et al 2021 ; Pattnaik et al 2021b ; Patra et al 2021 ). Fig.…”
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