Catalytic conversion of xylose to furfural over the solid acid /ZrO2–Al2O3/SBA-15 catalysts

Catalytic Transformations of Biomass-Derived Materials into Value-Added Chemicals

“…Valente and co-workers [64] have investigated the dehydration using a variety of solid acid catalysts including sulfonic acid appended porous silicas, porous niobium silicates [65], metal oxide nanosheets [66], heteropolyacids [67,68], sulfated zirconia [69], delaminated zeolite [70], H-MCM-22 zeolite [71] in water-toluene biphase systems. Furfural formation from xylose is also examined by using SO 4 2-/ ZrO 2 -Al 2 O 3 /SBA-15 [72]. Contrary to glucose, furfural can be formed from xylose by using sole Brønsted acid at high temperature.…”

Microwave-assisted coating of carbon nanostructures with titanium dioxide for the catalytic dehydration of d-xylose into furfural

“…4 The replacement of the homogeneous catalysts by stable, recyclable, active and selective solid catalysts would also have economic and environmental benefits on the large-scale production of furfural, by minimizing corrosion problems and amounts of neutralization waste, and facilitating the recovery and reutilization of the catalyst. For this reason, several solid acid catalysts have been tested in the dehydration of xylose into furfural, including zeolites, 8,10,11,13 sulfated metal oxides, [14][15][16] organic polymers, 17,18 supported heteropolyacids, 19 or exfoliated metal oxide nanosheets. 20 While some very promising results have been obtained, these studies also point out how challenging it remains to find catalysts with high activity and selectivity, that are structurally and chemically stable during repeated utilizations and stable towards coke formation.…”

Effects of careful designing of SAPO-44 catalysts on the efficient synthesis of furfural

“…But the use of mineral acids is not viable in terms of toxicity, corrosiveness and environmental issues, so researchers are interested in the replacement of these catalysts with solid acid catalysts. In the dehydrocyclisation of xylose to yield furfural various solid acid catalysts such as, sulfonated graphene oxides (62%, 200 • C) [6], sulphated carbons (12%, 230 • C) [7], zeolites (20-98% yield, 140-260 • C) [8][9][10], heteropoly acids (33-48% yield, 160 • C) [11,12], mesoporous silicas (44-50%, yield, 160-170 • C) [13,14], ion-exchange resins (60-78%, 160-170 • C) [15,16] and metal oxides (50-56%, 160-170 • C) [17][18][19][20] are studied. To get an insight on catalytic behavior of a catalyst, kinetic studies with mineral acids [21][22][23], high temperature liquid water [24], zeolites [8], ion-exchange resins [16], and heteropoly acids [11] are reported for xylose dehydrocyclization reaction to yield furfural.…”